Deck 9: Learners With Communication Disorders

Question 1

"Syntax" refers to linguistic rules governing the construction of

A)sentences.
B)punctuation.
C)word forms.
D)verb tenses.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Elements of communication that must be considered when thinking about communication disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

A)the actual execution of communication.
B)the functions expressed by communication.
C)the contexts in which communication occurs.
D)the language in which communication is delivered.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Decoding,or understanding messages,is referred to as

A)communication.
B)expressive language.
C)discourse.
D)receptive language.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The meanings and concepts people attach to words and sentences are referred to as

A)morphology.
B)pragmatics.
C)syntax.
D)semantics.

Question 5

It is difficult to estimate the prevalence of communication disorders primarily because

A)there is so much overlap with other types of exceptionalities.
B)schools do not maintain accurate records in this area.
C)many parents are reluctant to allow their children to receive speech and language services.
D)definitions of communication disorders vary so much from state to state.

Question 6

Which one of the following is the best example of a language difference?

A)African American English
B)acquired aphasia
C)stuttering
D)American Sign Language

Question 7

Requesting,rejecting,commenting,arguing,and reasoning are examples of

A)communicative functions.
B)communication.
C)language.
D)expressive language.

Question 8

Encoding,or sending messages,is referred to as

A)expressive language.
B)receptive language.
C)discourse.
D)communication.

Question 9

Of students identified for special education services,what proportion have language or speech disorders?

A)1/10
B)1/5
C)1/3
D)1/2

Question 10

Communication requires

A)language.
B)encoding and decoding.
C)speech.
D)listening and speaking.

Question 11

Which statement about stuttering is true?

A)It is the most common disorder of speech.
B)about one person in 100 stutters throughout their lives.
C)It usually lasts into adulthood.
D)It is a voice disorder.

Question 12

"Phonology" refers to linguistic rules governing

A)construction of sentences.
B)sound combinations.
C)patterns of language use.
D)construction of word forms.

Question 13

In Canada,approximately what percent of students in elementary and secondary grades have a language disorder?

A)0-5%
B)5-10%
C)10-15%
D)15-20%

Question 14

In the coming decades,communication disorders are estimated to

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)remain stable.
D)be eradicated.

Question 15

All of the following are examples of speech disorders EXCEPT

A)semantic disorder.
B)articulation disorder.
C)fluency disorder.
D)voice disorder.

Question 16

The communication of ideas through an arbitrary system of symbols used according to certain rules that determine meaning is called

A)speech.
B)language.
C)communication.
D)phonology.

Question 17

The behaviour of forming and sequencing the sounds of oral language is called

A)communication.
B)discourse.
C)speech.
D)phonology.

Question 18

In Canada,about what percentage of children have speech disorders?

A)0-5%
B)5-10%
C)10-15%
D)15-20%

Question 19

A language disorder that involves problems with functional and socially appropriate communication is

A)communication.
B)semantics.
C)speech.
D)pragmatics.

Question 20

Janice has a speech disorder which causes her to speak extremely slowly.This is a disorder of

A)articulation.
B)language.
C)voice.
D)fluency.

Question 21

Turn-taking during a conversation is an example of

A)syntax.
B)semantics.
C)morphology.
D)pragmatics.

Question 22

According to typical development,by what age are all American English speech sounds acquired?

A)18 months
B)3 years
C)6 years
D)8 years

Question 23

Specific language impairment refers to

A)language disorders resulting from learning disabilities.
B)language disorders with no identifiable cause.
C)language disorders occurring concomitantly with other disorders.
D)language disorders resulting from intellectual disabilities.

Question 24

Newfoundland English,which differs from standard English,is an example of a

A)language disorder.
B)language difference.
C)speech disorder.
D)speech deficit.

Question 25

Language disorders are generally classified according to two dimensions:

A)domain and etiology.
B)primary and secondary causes.
C)phonology and cause.
D)specific impairment and expressive delay.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about communication variations is true?

A)If a student does not use the language expected in school,she or he has a language disorder.
B)Someone with a language difference that is a disorder has difficulty communicating even in his or her home language community.
C)Children of nondominant cultures should not be expected to learn the rules for effective communication in the dominant culture.
D)Professionals no longer have a problem of bias in normative tests of language assessment.

Question 27

Which statement is true concerning the comparison between the language of a normally developing child and one with a language disorder?

A)The sequence of development is similar,but milestones are reached at later years by the child with a disorder.
B)The sequence of development is different,but milestones are reached at around the same ages.
C)The sequence of development is different,and milestones are reached later by the child with a disorder.
D)There is no developmental difference,they just sound different.

Question 28

The most common fluency disorder is

A)stuttering.
B)acquired aphasia.
C)echolalia.
D)dysarthria.

Question 29

During the first four years of elementary school,articulation disorders

A)increase dramatically.
B)increase slightly.
C)remain constant.
D)decrease markedly.

Question 30

At present,which theory of communication is considered to have the most direct implications for speech-language pathologists and teachers?

A)cognitive development
B)pragmatic or social interaction
C)behavioural psychology
D)biological maturation

Question 31

When Alvin,a six-year old,says "e wahtuns yer tee" instead of "It rottens your teeth," he is demonstrating problems with

A)phonology.
B)morphology.
C)syntax.
D)pragmatics.

Question 32

The theory that language depends on brain development and proper brain functioning and that language disorders resulting form brain dysfunction can sometimes be compensated for is the theory of

A)biological maturation.
B)behavioural psychology.
C)information processing.
D)cognitive development.

Question 33

The social interaction,or pragmatic,theory of language development suggests that

A)comprehending language is more important than producing language.
B)language is taught by direct instruction and arrangement of consequences.
C)language development is easily separated from social and cognitive development.
D)the natural environment may be arranged to teach more effective language.

Question 34

A failure of the child to understand the sound system of language at an age-appropriate level and in a culturally appropriate way represents

A)phonological disorders.
B)articulation disorders.
C)voice disorders.
D)developmental apraxia.

Question 35

Which one of the following is an articulation disorder?

A)lisping
B)stuttering
C)aphasia
D)mutism

Question 36

When Claudia,a seven year-old says,"I goed to the store," she is demonstrating a problem with which aspect of language?

A)phonology
B)morphology
C)syntax
D)pragmatics

Question 37

Articulation disorders

A)have an underlying phonological problem.
B)are easily diagnosed.
C)are caused by biological factors.
D)involve errors in word production.

Question 38

Causes of voice disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

A)hearing loss.
B)cleft palate.
C)chicken pox.
D)cheerleading.

Question 39

Each of the following is a recommendation for working with students who have not mastered the English of their classrooms and textbooks EXCEPT

A)take the student's cultural values into account.
B)view the student in a simulated classroom setting.
C)know the features of different community's dialects.
D)use the least biased tools for assessment.

Question 40

The dimensions of voice are

A)resonance,pitch,and loudness.
B)resonance,loudness,and quality.
C)pitch,loudness,and quality.
D)resonance,pitch,and quality.

Question 41

Which procedure most closely resembles "milieu teaching?"

A)Fiona requests a ball from her teacher who asks "What do you want to do with the ball?" The teacher gives Fiona the ball only when she replies to the question.
B)Fiona requests a ball from her teacher who says "There are fun things to do with a ball!" The teacher then gives Fiona the ball.
C)Fiona requests a ball from her teacher who asks "What do you want to do with the ball?" The teacher waits five seconds,then gives Fiona the ball whether she replies to the question or not.
D)Fiona's teachers tells her to play with a ball,then observes her playing and waits for opportunities to interact verbally with her.

Question 42

Older children and adolescents may need help from a speech-language pathologist if they

A)fail to understand instructions in a typical situation.
B)act aggressively in social situations.
C)choose not to speak in group settings.
D)are in the process of learning a second language.

Question 43

Treatment of individuals who have damaged speech or language capacities due to disease or injury is best delivered

A)in a naturalistic setting.
B)by a speech-language pathologist.
C)primarily by a physician.
D)by an interdisciplinary team.

Question 44

The primary role of the classroom teacher is to facilitate development of which aspect of language?

A)phonology
B)semantics
C)pragmatics
D)morphology

Question 45

Developmental scales make use of all of the following procedures EXCEPT

A)direct observation.
B)parents' recall of language milestones.
C)records of language milestones.
D)paper-and-pencil tests.

Question 46

Strategies of language assessment typically include all of the following EXCEPT

A)standardized tests.
B)developmental rating scales.
C)behavioural observations.
D)genetic testing.

Question 47

All of the following are guidelines that teachers can follow when talking with all children EXCEPT

A)listening attentively when children speak.
B)listening empathetically when children speak.
C)providing appropriate models of speech and language.
D)ensuring that students focus mainly on receptive language.

Question 48

Standardized tests of language are of most use in

A)comparing the child's abilities in certain areas to those of other children.
B)planning an intervention program.
C)assessing a child's language progress.
D)making behavioural observations in a variety of settings.

Question 49

Homes of children who are well-prepared linguistically are characterised by all of the following EXCEPT

A)demonstrations of responsiveness of adults to children.
B)frequent language interactions between parent and child.
C)language interactions have emphasized the symbolic nature of language.
D)language interactions are generally free from emotion.

Question 50

Shelly's speech is laboured,slurred and slow indicating that she likely suffers from

A)apraxia.
B)echolalia.
C)dysarthria.
D)aphasia.

Question 51

Jennie is a preschooler with delayed language development.Language intervention at this level generally focuses on

A)articulation errors.
B)verb forms and plurals.
C)social interaction.
D)concept development.

Question 52

Each of the following statements about adolescents and adults with speech and language problems is true EXCEPT

A)they might refer themselves to a speech-language pathologist because of social embarrassment.
B)the loss of the ability to speak is typically more disabling than the loss of the ability to use language.
C)people with severe exceptionalities may need to be taught an alternative to oral language or be given an augmentative communication system.
D)there may be problems settings realistic goals for speech and language learning.

Question 53

Due to a brain injury,Henry has difficulty selecting and sequencing speech.He knows he makes errors and what he wants to say,but simply cannot.Henry's condition is

A)dysarthria.
B)stuttering.
C)acquired apraxia.
D)acquired aphasia.

Question 54

What percent of children and adults are considered stutterers?

A)1%
B)2%
C)5%
D)8%

Question 55

Identification of speech and language disorders is the joint responsibility of the

A)psychologist,teacher,and parents.
B)teacher,parents,and speech-language pathologist.
C)school,parents,and community.
D)regular classroom teacher,special education teacher,and speech-language pathologist.

Question 56

Students with intellectual disabilities are

A)more likely to have a language disorder.
B)no more likely to have a language disorder.
C)more likely to have a speech disorder.
D)no more likely to have a speech disorder.

Question 57

Assessment and intervention in early childhood of children who have not yet learned language involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)imitation.
B)make-believe play.
C)functional use of objects.
D)drawing.

Question 58

Which one of the following is an example of an alternative question-asking strategy?

A)focusing on student-initiated questions
B)reducing the complexity of a question
C)increasing interaction between student and teacher so both members ask and answer questions
D)creating several questions with synonymous meaning

Question 59

Effective language intervention requires

A)a structured environment.
B)parental involvement in the natural environment.
C)an educational setting.
D)following the normal developmental sequence.

Question 60

Much of a child's language and social development depend on two characteristics of language interaction the child has with care givers.What are the characteristics?

A)nature and quantity of the language
B)quality and variety of the language
C)variety and resonance of the language
D)loudness and functionality of the language

Question 61

When teaching students with speech and language disorders,the primary role of the classroom teacher is to facilitate the social use of language.

Question 62

Communication always involves speech.

Question 63

Teachers can assist students with language disorders by offering remedial lessons in the structure of language.

Question 64

Language variations (such as Newfoundland English and AAC)can put students at a disadvantage in using language in an academic context.

Question 65

A primary language disorder is caused by another condition,such as traumatic brain injury.

Question 66

By definition,all communication disorders involve impairments of speech.

Question 67

Dialects are very simple language systems.

Question 68

Children with language disorders frequently experience problems with written language as well.

Question 69

More girls than boys stutter.

Question 70

About 50% of the children whose language is delayed at age two will gradually catch up developmentally with their age peers.

Question 71

Most cases of childhood stuttering are resolved by adulthood.

Question 72

About 5 to 10 percent of Canadian preschool children have speech disorders.

Question 73

Young children who have language disorders may have difficulty developing social interactions because they tend to speak very loudly.

Question 74

Children from low income homes are likely to have language disorders.

Question 75

Most speech disorders are addressed primarily by a speech-language pathologist,not a classroom teacher.

Question 76

Present-day assessment devices make it easy to distinguish between language disorder and language difference.

Question 77

Early intervention for speech and language disorders should emphasize conversation skills rather than the mechanics of language.

Question 78

Lack of ability to articulate speech sounds correctly can be caused by biological factors.

Question 79

Loss of voice is apraxia.

Question 80

The primary focus of speech-language pathologists has shifted from language to speech during the evolution of special education.