Deck 24: Exercise in the Older Adult

Question 1

Which of the following combinations of activities best describes a balanced multidimensional exercise program designed for the older adult to emphasize healthy living?

A)Passive range of motion (PROM), ambulation, resistance training with less than 5 pounds for the arms and less than 10 pounds for the legs
B)Low-impact aerobics, water resistance exercises, active range of motion (AROM)
C)Aerobics, flexibility, strengthening, balance
D)Unweighted rowing, bicycling, neutral incline treadmill walking

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The Wellness Aging Model Related to Illness, Injury, and Mobility (WAMI-3) exemplifies the concept that physical activity and exercise add life to years.All of the following behaviors will produce a leftward shift on the WAMI-3 indicating a decline in function except:

A)Bed rest.
B)Early mobilization.
C)Hypokinesis.
D)Osteoporosis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A 68-year-old female patient with mild osteoarthritis (OA) of the hips and knees and a recent diagnosis of sarcopenia obesity has been referred to you for strength training.What special considerations will be necessary for you to consider when developing a resistance training program for this individual?

A)The first priority should be weight loss management to reduce the stress on the joints.The program should be designed to burn more calories than consumed using high-intensity, resistance exercises.
B)Limit exercise to three times a week to control the inflammatory response of the OA and instruct the patient that resistance exercise must be performed at very low intensity because of the frailty associated with the sarcopenia.
C)Resistance training is indicated for both diagnoses and should be tailored to match frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise to her abilities and goals.
D)Resistance training is contraindicated because of the risk factors for potential stress fractures, falls, and cardiac compromise associated with her diagnoses.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Abnormally diminished muscular function or mobility experienced by many older adults in the old-old stage of life is defined as:

A)Hypokinesis.
B)Secondary aging.
C)Senescence.
D)Sarcopenia.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes what is visually depicted in the WAMI-3 model?

A)A comparison of three stages of life aging using chronological versus functional age.
B)The progression of fall risk based on comorbidity, disease processes, and aging
C)The progressive loss of strength and power, bone strength, muscle mass, and cardiovascular and pulmonary function associated with aging and the impact of physical activity and exercise.
D)Representation of three stereotypes related to aging that have created a lack of focus on the importance of exercise and wellness for the older adult

Question 6

Prevention through healthy life choices is important for slowing the decline of function in the older adult.Which of the following is an example of a prevention activity that a 70-year-old individual could adopt as a means to slow progression of primary aging?

A)Sit down and rest several times per day.
B)Sleep at least 10 hours per night.
C)Avoid stairs to reduce risk of falls.
D)Take an aerobics class 2-3 times per week.

Question 7

Normal aging results in progressive loss of muscle mass characterized by:

A)Death of alpha motorneurons at the spinal cord resulting in decline of innervation to individual muscles.
B)Reduction in size but not number of muscle fibers.
C)Atrophy of type I fibers and hypertrophy of Type II muscle fibers.
D)Loss of muscle mass beginning in the sixth decade of life.

Question 8

Your patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus and is on insulin.He arrives at 9 a.m.for a 1-hour resistance, aerobic, balance, and flexibility program under your supervision.You inquire whether he has checked his glucose level this morning and he indicates that it was 100 mg/dL.What decision do you make about his treatment today?

A)No exercises can be performed; reschedule him for tomorrow.
B)Call the emergency medical service because his condition is unstable.
C)Proceed with exercises while monitoring his tolerance and provide a carbohydrate snack and fluids to assure hydration.
D)Use this day to advance his program to the next level, challenging him with high-intensity, progressive activities

Question 9

Which of the following accurately represents appropriate guidelines for developing a safe and effective progressive resistance training program for your patient who is age 85?

A)High-intensity progressive resistance exercise is contraindicated in patients older than age 80.
B)Each session should include warm-up, stretching, functional or sport-specific exercises, and cool-down.
C)Strength cannot be gained in patients with low muscle mass, and resistance training will be detrimental.
D)Resistance exercises beyond the seventh decade should only be performed as part of an aquatic program to reduce the stress on joints and soft tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following is a consideration when designing aerobic exercise programs for an older adult population?

A)Aerobic exercise is contraindicated after age 80 unless it is performed in water.
B)Maximum heart rate is age-related and decreases with age.
C)Blood pressure decreases because of increased peripheral vascular resistance.
D)Heart rate increases, resulting in greater cardiac stroke volume.

Question 11

Aging that occurs as a natural developmental process as a result of the passage of time is defined as:

A)Primary aging.
B)Hypokinesis.
C)Sarcopenia.
D)Secondary aging.

Question 12

Standardized testing should be used with all patients to establish a baseline for initiation of activities.The design of an exercise program for the older adult should include performance of specific tests to measure performance levels and tolerance for activities.Which of the following will provide a measure of self-perceived intensity of exercise based on level of exertion?

A)Fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX⁾
B)Timed-up-and-Go test (TUG)
C)Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries tool (STEADI)
D)Borg scale of perceived exertion

Question 13

Older adults become less efficient during gait.A common gait deviation that contributes to this inefficiency is:

A)Faster gait speed.
B)Lack of hip extension.
C)Exaggerated heel strike.
D)Narrow step width.

Question 14

Exercise is described as planned, structured, and repetitive in nature.All of the following are examples of exercises for the older adult except:

A)Tai Chi classes.
B)Aerobic classes.
C)Fixing meals.
D)Walking with a weighted vest.

Question 15

A 60-year-old female is referred to rehabilitation for evaluation and assessment after several recent falls.Which of the following describes indications that are suspicious of tertiary osteoporosis?

A)History of spinal compression fractures and a height loss of 3 inches
B)Transient joint and bone pain
C)Family history of osteoporosis, personal history of smoking and alcohol abuse
D)Sedentary life-style, obesity, kyphotic posture