Deck 11: Interactions Between Microbes and Humans

Question 1

Resident biota are found in/on the ________.

A)skin
B)mouth
C)nasal passages
D)large intestine
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota

A)before birth,in utero.
B)during and immediately after birth.
C)when a child first goes to school.
D)when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E)during puberty.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not a method of adhesion?

A)Fimbriae
B)Surface proteins
C)Specialized receptors
D)Adhesive slime or capsules
E)Cilia

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Virulence factors include all the following except ________.

A)capsules
B)ribosomes
C)exoenzymes
D)endotoxins
E)exotoxins

Question 5

Which terminology is not used to describe members of the resident biota?

A)Pathogenic biota
B)Normal biota
C)Indigenous biota
D)Normal microbiota
E)Commensals

Question 6

Normal biota includes each of the following except ________.

A)bacteria
B)fungi
C)protozoans
D)viruses
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The term infection refers to

A)microorganisms colonizing the body.
B)contact with microorganisms.
C)contact with pathogens.
D)pathogens penetrating host defenses.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called ________.

A)exogenous
B)an exotoxin
C)an enterotoxin
D)endogenous
E)axenic

Question 9

Once a microbe has entered a host,what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A)Phagocytosis
B)Adhesion
C)Encapsulation
D)Margination
E)Exocytosis

Question 10

Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except ________.

A)the birth process through the birth canal
B)bottle feeding
C)breast feeding
D)contact with hospital staff
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called ________.

A)exogenous
B)an exotoxin
C)an enterotoxin
D)endogenous
E)axenic

Question 12

Opportunistic pathogens

A)cause disease in every individual.
B)cause disease in compromised individuals.
C)are always pathogens.
D)have well-developed virulence factors.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 13

Infection occurs when

A)contaminants are present on the skin.
B)a person swallows microbes in/on food.
C)a person inhales microbes in the air.
D)pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the ________.

A)virulence factor
B)indigenous biota
C)infectious dose
D)endotoxin
E)minimal dose

Question 15

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called ________.

A)opportunistic pathogens
B)normal biota
C)indigenous biota
D)true pathogens
E)micropathogens

Question 16

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the ________.

A)respiratory system
B)gastrointestinal system
C)urinary system
D)genital system
E)skin

Question 17

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

A)in food.
B)the patient's own normal biota.
C)on fomites.
D)in the air.
E)transmitted from one person to another.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?

A)Genetic defects in immunity
B)Physical and mental stress
C)Strong,healthy body
D)Chemotherapy
E)Old age

Question 19

Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A)Secretion of slime
B)Production of leukocidins
C)Adhering to the host
D)Secretion of a capsule
E)Ability to survive intracellularly

Question 20

The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called ________.

A)microbial antagonism
B)endogenous infection
C)infectious disease
D)axenic
E)gnotobiotism

Question 21

Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in ________.

A)amoebic dysentery
B)ringworm
C)clostridia
D)cold virus
E)diphtheria

Question 22

Exotoxins

A)are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms.
C)are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms.
D)cause more damage than endotoxins.
E)are host specific.

Question 23

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the ________.

A)respiratory system
B)gastrointestinal system
C)urinary system
D)genital system
E)skin

Question 24

Enterotoxins are ________.

A)virulence factors
B)toxins that target the intestines
C)proteins
D)exotoxins
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

Exotoxins are ________.

A)proteins.
B)only released after a cell is damaged or lysed.
C)antiphagocytic factors.
D)secretions that always target nervous tissue.
E)lipopolysaccharides.

Question 26

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply,until symptoms first appear is the ________.

A)prodromal stage
B)convalescent stage
C)incubation period
D)period of invasion
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following is the endotoxin?

A)Hemolysin
B)Hyaluronidase
C)Streptokinase
D)Collagenase
E)Lipopolysaccharide

Question 28

A symptom is ________.

A)an objective indication of disease
B)a subjective indication of disease
C)measurable by health care personnel
D)temperature
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 29

________ are bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.

A)Coagulases
B)Mucinases
C)Keratinases
D)Kinases
E)Hyaluronidases

Question 30

An endotoxin is

A)secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)indicative of gram-negative organisms.
C)indicative of gram-positive organisms.
D)indicative of fungal infections.
E)indicative of viral infections.

Question 31

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n)________.

A)syndrome
B)symptom
C)sign
D)pathology
E)inflammation

Question 32

Microbial hyaluronidase,coagulase,and streptokinase are examples of ________.

A)adhesive factors
B)exotoxins
C)hemolysins
D)antiphagocytic factors
E)exoenzymes

Question 33

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the ________.

A)prodromal stage
B)convalescent stage
C)incubation period
D)period of invasion
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 34

Local edema,swollen lymph nodes,fever,soreness,and abscesses are indications of ________.

A)toxemia
B)inflammation
C)sequelae
D)a syndrome
E)latency

Question 35

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)Secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
B)Mixed infection - several agents established at infection site
C)Acute infection - rapid onset of severe,short-lived symptoms
D)Local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site
E)Toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues

Question 36

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)Fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B)Capsules - antiphagocytic factor
C)Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
D)Leukocidins - damage white blood cells
E)Hemolysins - damage red blood cells

Question 37

The initial,brief period of early,general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the ________.

A)prodromal stage
B)convalescent stage
C)incubation period
D)period of invasion
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 38

The suffix -emia means ________.

A)blood
B)a disease or morbid process
C)an inflammation
D)tumor
E)pertaining to

Question 39

________ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

A)Exotoxins
B)Endotoxins
C)Enterotoxins
D)Leukocidins
E)Hemolysins

Question 40

The objective,measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n)________.

A)syndrome
B)symptom
C)sign
D)pathology
E)inflammation

Question 41

________ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens while they are recovering from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 42

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a ________.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 43

________ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 44

Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

A)Fomites
B)Water
C)Vectors
D)Aerosols
E)Droplets

Question 45

A ________ is an infection indigenous to animals that can,on occasion,be transmitted to humans.

A)secondary infection
B)sequelae
C)nosocomial infection
D)zoonosis
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit for an infectious disease?

A)Removal of blood
B)Urogenital tract and feces
C)Coughing and sneezing
D)Skin
E)All of these are normal exit portals.

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of sequelae?

A)Headache from meningitis
B)Difficulty swallowing from a Streptococcus infection
C)Arthritis from Lyme disease
D)Diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs resulting from a specific disease are called ________.

A)symptoms
B)sequelae
C)infections
D)latencies
E)dormancies

Question 49

The primary,natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the ________.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 50

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are ________.

A)fomites
B)aerosols
C)mechanical vectors
D)droplet nuclei
E)biological vectors

Question 51

An animal,such as an arthropod,that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a ________.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 52

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a ________.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 53

A ________ is the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.

A)bacteremia
B)septicemia
C)viremia
D)toxemia
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 54

Reservoirs include ________.

A)humans
B)animals
C)soil
D)water
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Leukopenia is the ________ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.

A)elevation
B)stabilization
C)decrease

Question 56

A sign is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of disease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)temperature.
E)Both objective indication of disease and measurable by health care personnel are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

A)Vertical
B)Direct
C)Vector
D)Horizontal
E)Fomites

Question 58

The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the ________.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 59

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called ________.

A)syndromes
B)malaises
C)inflammation
D)asymptomatic
E)secondary infections

Question 60

All infectious diseases ________.

A)are contagious
B)occur only in humans
C)are caused by microorganisms or their products
D)are caused by vectors
E)involve viruses as the pathogen

Question 61

Under certain circumstances,members of a person's resident biota can become opportunistic pathogens.

Question 62

When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

A)Determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
B)Development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C)Determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
D)Formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E)Whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem

Question 63

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the ________ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 64

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the ________.

A)mortality rate
B)morbidity rate
C)incidence rate
D)prevalence rate
E)epidemic rate

Question 65

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the ________ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 66

Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.

Question 67

Nosocomial infections involve all the following except

A)they are only transmitted by medical personnel.
B)they often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.
C)the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.
D)Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
E)medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

Question 68

Fomites,food,and air serve as indirect transmission routes of pathogens.

Question 69

A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues.

Question 70

The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the ________.

A)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
B)World Health Organization
C)National Institutes of Health
D)United States Department of Agriculture
E)Infection Control Committee

Question 71

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is ________.

A)pathology
B)clinical microbiology
C)medicine
D)immunology
E)epidemiology

Question 72

What is one goal of the Human Microbiota Project?

A)To sequence the DNA of all microorganisms
B)To study the prevalence of disease
C)To study microorganisms in their natural habitat
D)To provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease
E)To discover new organisms in extreme habitats

Question 73

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is ________.

A)an epidemic
B)endemic
C)pandemic
D)sporadic
E)chronic

Question 74

Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost,superficial layers of the epidermis.

Question 75

Which of the following is not a universal precaution used for handling patients and body substances?

A)Mask and gloves
B)Proper disposal of needles
C)Health care worker with active lesions handling patients
D)Hand washing
E)Sterilizing or disinfecting dental hand pieces

Question 76

Septicemia means that a pathogen is present and multiplying in the blood.

Question 77

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assigns the most virulent microbes known to cause human disease to biosafety level 4.

Question 78

Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

Question 79

When an infected person is in the incubation period,that person cannot transmit the pathogen to others.

Question 80

The virulence factors of a pathogen are established by how strong or weak a patient's body defenses are at the time of infection.