Deck 12: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Question 1

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.

A)skin
B)respiratory tract
C)digestive tract
D)urinary tract
E)eyes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.

A)unbroken skin
B)mucus
C)hairs
D)tears
E)T cells

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs,are phagocytic,and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A)Basophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Monocytes
E)Lymphocytes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

A)Basophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Monocytes
E)Lymphocytes

Question 5

Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?

A)After birth,produced in red bone marrow sites
B)Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C)Include Kupffer cells
D)Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E)Include erythrocytes that,when mature,lose their nuclei

Question 6

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation,contain peroxidase and lysozyme,and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are ________.

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 7

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.

A)the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin
B)nasal hairs
C)flushing action of tears and blinking
D)flushing action of urine
E)phagocytic white blood cells

Question 8

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 9

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

A)Bloodstream
B)Extracellular fluid
C)Lymphatic system
D)Intracellular fluid

Question 10

Plasma ________.

A)is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
B)is mostly water
C)contains albumin and globulins
D)contains fibrinogen
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The term ________ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

A)antibody
B)allergen
C)antigen
D)foreign body
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 12

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 13

Lysozyme is found in ________.

A)mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
B)mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
C)salivary secretions
D)sweat from sweat glands
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.

A)contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
B)function primarily in hemostasis
C)originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes
D)function in blood clotting and inflammation
E)are not whole cells but are pieces of cells

Question 15

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.

A)is toxic to pathogens
B)creates a physical barrier against pathogens
C)destroys pathogens
D)physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their ________.

A)cell walls
B)biota
C)markers
D)skin
E)cell processes

Question 17

This body region is protected by fatty acids,acidic pH,lactic acid,and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

A)Skin
B)Respiratory tract
C)Digestive tract
D)Urinary tract
E)Eyes

Question 18

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is ________.

A)lactic acid
B)hydrochloric acid
C)lysozyme
D)histamine
E)bile

Question 19

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________.

A)surveillance of the body
B)recognition of foreign material
C)destruction of foreign material
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)Only recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.

Question 20

Nonspecific chemical defenses include ________.

A)lysozyme
B)lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat
C)skin's acidic pH and fatty acids
D)stomach hydrochloric acid
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Plasma cells ________.

A)function in cell-mediated immunity
B)are derived from T lymphocytes
C)function in blood clotting
D)produce and secrete antibodies
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 22

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A)Monocytes
B)Eosinophils
C)Basophils
D)Neutrophils
E)Lymphocytes

Question 23

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A)It can last hours to years.
B)Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C)Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D)Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E)Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 24

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 25

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)Spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Question 26

Hematopoiesis is the ________.

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
B)production of only red blood cells
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

Question 27

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.

A)redness
B)warmth
C)swelling
D)pain
E)chills

Question 28

The granules of basophils contain ________.

A)antibodies
B)antigens
C)digestive enzymes
D)histamine
E)lysozyme

Question 29

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)Interferon alpha and beta-inhibits viral replication
B)Interleukin-2-stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C)Serotonin-causes smooth muscle contraction
D)Prostaglandins-activate eosinophils and B cells
E)Tumor necrosis factor-increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Question 30

All the following are events of early inflammation except ________.

A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis
B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released
C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation
D)exudate and pus can accumulate
E)capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema

Question 31

Neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils are called ________ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that,in a stained blood smear,appear with identifying,characteristic colors.

A)leukocytes
B)granulocytes
C)agranulocytes
D)monocytes
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 32

Each of the following are granulocytes except ________.

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)lymphocytes
D)basophils
E)All of the choices are granulocytes.

Question 33

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit,groin,and neck?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)Spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Question 34

________ function in humoral immunity,while ________ function in cell-mediated immunity.

A)B cells; T cells
B)T cells; B cells
C)monocytes; basophils
D)basophils; T cells
E)B cells; neutrophils

Question 35

Diapedesis is the ________.

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
B)production of only red blood cells
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

Question 36

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)Spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Question 37

Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long,thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.

A)dendritic cells
B)eosinophils
C)macrophages
D)platelets
E)mast cells

Question 38

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

A)Neutrophils,eosinophils,macrophages
B)Neutrophils,macrophages,eosinophils
C)Eosinophils,macrophages,neutrophils
D)Macrophages,neutrophils,eosinophils
E)Macrophages,eosinophils,neutrophils

Question 39

Histamine,serotonin,and bradykinin are all ________.

A)vasoactive mediators
B)mediators of B-cell activity
C)mediators of T-cell activity
D)mediators that increase chemotaxis
E)fever inducers

Question 40

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.

A)primary phagocytes
B)neutrophils
C)killer T cells
D)cytotoxic T cells
E)macrophages

Question 41

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.

A)chemotaxis
B)diapedesis
C)motility
D)vasodilation
E)phagocytosis

Question 42

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

A)Hydrogen peroxide
B)Nitric oxide
C)Lactic acid
D)Superoxide anion
E)All of these are used.

Question 43

The ________ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

A)humoral immunity
B)cell-mediated
C)complement
D)lymphoid
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 44

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called ________.

A)chemotaxis
B)edema
C)diapedesis
D)vasoactivity
E)pus

Question 45

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ________.

A)complement
B)interferons
C)leukotrines
D)pyrogens
E)lysozymes

Question 46

Plasma is also called lymph.

Question 47

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell,in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

A)Complement
B)Albumin
C)Interferon
D)Histamine

Question 48

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A)Diapedesis
B)Chemotaxis
C)Phagolysosome formation
D)Destruction
E)Ingestion

Question 49

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A)MALTs
B)RES
C)PAMPs
D)BALTs
E)Lysosomes

Question 50

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A)Neutrophil
B)Macrophage
C)Kupffer cell
D)Monocyte
E)Lymphocyte

Question 51

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A)Start tissue repair
B)Destroy microbes
C)Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
D)Block further invasion
E)Cause a fever

Question 52

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

A)Rubor-redness
B)Calor-warmth
C)Tumor-cancer
D)Dolar-pain
E)None of these are mismatched.

Question 53

A person will typically experience the sensation of ________ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A)heat
B)pain
C)chills
D)sweat
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 54

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 55

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A)Is composed of at least 20 blood proteins
B)Only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C)Acts in a cascade reaction
D)Involves a classical pathway
E)Involves an alternate pathway

Question 56

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A)Inflammation
B)Phagocytosis
C)Interferon production
D)Complement production
E)Bradykinin

Question 57

All of the following pertain to interferon except it ________.

A)is a protein
B)is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells
C)includes alpha,beta,and gamma types
D)inhibits viruses,tumors,and cancer gene expression
E)increases capillary permeability and vasodilation

Question 58

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves ________.

A)initiation of the cascade
B)production of inflammatory cytokines
C)a ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes
D)cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b
E)C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane

Question 59

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.

A)reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
B)increases the availability of iron
C)increases phagocytosis
D)increases metabolism
E)stimulates hematopoiesis

Question 60

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

A)Formation of pus and edema
B)Scar formation and/or resolution
C)Vascular reactions
D)Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
E)Activation of the complement system

Question 61

The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense.  Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?

A)The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection,and trains the immune system to recognize antigens.
B)The organisms that comprise the microbiota are able to phagocytose potential pathogens,thereby eliminating them from the human host.
C)The human microbiome has evolved with the species so it is able to actively destroy pathogens by raising the body temperature when an infection by a pathogen occurs.
D)Cells in the human microbiome secrete cytokines that play a role in stimulating the immune response when a pathogen has entered the system.

Question 62

Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes.

Question 63

Inflammation,fever,phagocytosis,and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.

A)they are not antigen-specific; they contribute to host defenses regardless of the source of activation
B)they are activated only if the system has encountered the antigen previously
C)they are physical barriers that block the binding of pathogens to host tissues
D)they operate independently of the first line of defense and the B and T lymphocytes in the third line of defense

Question 64

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

Question 65

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 66

Which statement below characterizes the complement system?

A)Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade,ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis,inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis.
B)Complement pyrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature,increasing metabolism and preventing the growth of temperature-sensitive pathogens.
C)Complement proteins bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression,eliminating not only pathogens,but cancer cells also.
D)Complement proteins,produced by a host cell in response to viral attack,are secreted and enter neighboring cells,stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.

Question 67

Which statement below characterizes the action of interferon?

A)Interferon,produced by a host cell in response to viral attack,is secreted and enters neighboring cells,stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.
B)Interferon stimulates the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature,increasing metabolism and preventing the growth of temperature-sensitive pathogens.
C)Interferon comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade,ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis,inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis.
D)Interferon binds to cell surfaces and induces changes in genetic expression,eliminating not only pathogens,but cancer cells also.

Question 68

During phagocytosis,intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 69

The second line of defense is a series of systems that involves both cells and chemicals working together.

Question 70

During inflammation,a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection.

Question 71

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 72

Overuse of disinfectants and antiseptics,as well as antibiotics,can result in inflammatory diseases stemming from an inadequate microbiome.

Question 73

Cytokines are chemicals and proteins that are critical components of the immune system.  Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the function of cytokines?

A)All cytokines are synthesized to stimulate the inflammatory response; their purpose is to mediate vascular reactions and diapedesis.
B)Cytokines are secreted by a wide variety of cell types,including immune cells,epithelial and endothelial cells.
C)Cytokines play a role in both inflammatory stimulation,as well as being anti-inflammatory mediators.
D)Cytokines mediate communication between cells; they are crucial for stimulation,suppression and control of all aspects of the immune response.

Question 74

Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system,for example,________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells.

A)TNF-β; IL-10
B)IL-10; TNF-β
C)erythropoietin; TNF-β
D)seratonin; histamine
E)IL-10; IL-7

Question 75

If the patient's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus,which line of host defense is breached?

A)First line of defense
B)Second line of defense
C)Third line of defense
D)First and second lines of defense

Question 76

The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.

Question 77

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 78

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 79

Which of the following is not a component of the second line of defense?

A)Keratin
B)Complement
C)Inflammation
D)Phagocytosis
E)Fever

Question 80

Which of the following is not a mechanism employed by the human microbiota to contribute to the first line of defense?

A)It can phagocytose pathogens
B)It can lower the pH making the environment too acidic for pathogens to survive
C)It can out-compete pathogens for limited nutrients
D)It can train the immune cells to recognize antigenic markers
E)It can block potential binding sites on epithelial cells restricting adhesion,which is a necessary step for infection