Deck 1: The Science of Child Development

Question 1

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

A)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)John Locke.
D)John Watson.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of

A)Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory.
B)Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory.
C)Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory.
D)Arnold Gesell's maturational theory.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The detailed,systematic observations of individual children commonly used by scientists in the 19ᵗʰ century came to be known as

A)blank slates.
B)baby biographies.
C)mental tests.
D)critical periods.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Viewing infants as tabulae rasae suggests that

A)infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B)experience will mould infants into unique individuals.
C)nature is more important than nurture.
D)infants are born with a sense of morality.

Question 5

Which of the following theories looks at development from a biological perspective?

A)Freud's psychosexual theory
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory
C)Gesell's maturational theory
D)Erikson's psychosocial theory

Question 6

If parents believe that children are tabulae rasae at birth,they are likely to

A)leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B)be very permissive with their children.
C)assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D)plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Question 7

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period,not before or after that period,there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

A)instinct
B)critical period
C)blank slate
D)emotional bond

Question 8

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A)psychosocial
B)psychodynamic
C)maturational
D)ethological

Question 9

The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that

A)experience moulds each person into a unique individual.
B)children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C)heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D)infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Question 10

________ uses developmental research to promote healthy development,particularly for vulnerable children and families.

A)Family policy
B)Applied developmental science
C)A quasi-experimental design
D)The Index of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY)

Question 11

In child development science,an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

A)theory.
B)critical period.
C)tabula rasa.
D)case history.

Question 12

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

A)Psychodynamic
B)Ecological
C)Maturational
D)Cognitive developmental

Question 13

The French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that

A)the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B)infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C)experience moulds each human into a unique individual.
D)parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Question 14

According to ethologists,some behaviours can only be learned

A)when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished.
B)through observational learning.
C)during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour.
D)when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 15

Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized ____________ in child rearing.

A)parental discipline
B)parental responsiveness and receptiveness
C)authoritarian control
D)a lack of parental involvement

Question 16

________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age trends in children's beliefs and feelings.

A)John Locke
B)Jean Jacques Rousseau
C)G)Stanley Hall
D)Alfred Binet

Question 17

Why was maturational theory eventually discarded?

A)It failed to address the impact of environment on children's development.
B)It overstated the impact of environment on children's development.
C)It was too focused on learning and not enough on biology.
D)It failed to address the impact of biology on children's development.

Question 18

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development.Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)John Locke.
D)Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 19

James Mark Baldwin,who set up the first psychology laboratory in Canada at the University of Toronto,preferred _______________________ as a way to do research.

A)baby biographies
B)observation
C)experimental research
D)introspection

Question 20

Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive.Raeann's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.

A)maturational
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)ethological

Question 21

According to Freud,if we experience conflict during a stage of our development,this could result in ________,which means that later in life we will have a tendency to return to behaviours reminiscent of that stage.

A)generativity
B)fixation
C)latency
D)a critical period

Question 22

When does the ego start to emerge?

A)When the child is five
B)During the child's first year
C)It is present at birth
D)During the child's third year

Question 23

The oldest scientific perspective on child development is the ______________ perspective.

A)learning
B)social cognitive
C)ethological
D)psychodynamic

Question 24

Freud proposed that children develop in stages.In order,these stages are

A)anal,oral,phallic,latency,genital.
B)genital,anal,oral,phallic,latency.
C)oral,phallic,anal,genital,latency.
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.

Question 25

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

A)learning is more important than maturation.
B)early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.
C)learned,adaptive behaviours influence later development.
D)children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.

Question 26

The moral agent in a child's personality is the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)primitive instincts.
D)id.

Question 27

Emerson is five years old.She has started to internalize the difference between right and wrong.Which of Freud's three structures has most recently been developed in Emerson?

A)ego
B)id
C)superego
D)latency

Question 28

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

A)realizing that he is an independent person.
B)establishing an intimate relationship with another person.
C)developing a sense of trust in the world.
D)developing a sense of his own identity.

Question 29

The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of

A)industry vs.inferiority.
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt.
C)trust vs.mistrust.
D)identity vs.identity confusion.

Question 30

Erikson emphasized

A)psychological and social aspects of development.
B)biological and physical aspects of development.
C)environmental influences on development.
D)cognitive development.

Question 31

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

A)emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B)suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C)suggests that behaviour should be considered in context.
D)emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Question 32

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw.The chick later followed her around,just as if Jill were the chick's mother.The chick's behaviour is a result of

A)maturation.
B)tabula rasa.
C)self-efficacy.
D)imprinting.

Question 33

If an ego could talk,it might say

A)"I want to eat NOW!"
B)"Do you think that is the right and honourable way to act?"
C)"Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally."
D)"Is that what your mother would do?"

Question 34

Erikson proposed that,late in life,individuals face their final psychosocial crisis:

A)industry vs.inferiority.
B)generativity vs.stagnation.
C)intimacy vs.isolation.
D)integrity vs.despair.

Question 35

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

A)his patients' case histories.
B)observations of his children.
C)correlational research studies.
D)experimental research studies.

Question 36

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A)Arnold Gesell.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Erik Erikson.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 37

The id

A)wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.
B)provides a sense of morality.
C)works to resolve conflicts.
D)presses for socially acceptable actions.

Question 38

Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called

A)self-efficacy.
B)adapting.
C)imprinting.
D)maturation.

Question 39

Erikson proposed a ________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages,each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

A)biological
B)learning
C)psychosocial
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 40

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good,do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

A)ego.
B)imprinting.
C)superego.
D)id.

Question 41

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager.Erikson would predict that during young adulthood,Jaraan will

A)be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.
B)establish a loving relationship with another person.
C)develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
D)have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 42

Beth has installed a doorbell inside her house and trained her dog to press the button when he wants to go outside.When the dog presses the doorbell,Beth rewards him by letting him outside.Which approach did Beth use to train her dog?

A)classical conditioning
B)psychosocial learning
C)observational learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 43

Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair.Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behaviour if

A)the boy is not very popular.
B)a teacher sends Nate to time-out.
C)the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair.
D)the boy is not very nice to others.

Question 44

Creating an association between a stimulus (e.g. ,the sound of a bell or the presence of a rat) and a naturally occurring physical response (e.g. ,salivation or fear) is referred to as

A)classical conditioning.
B)imprinting.
C)operant conditioning.
D)fixation.

Question 45

Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to do.His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week.Seth's father tried to change Seth's behaviour by using

A)negative punishment.
B)positive punishment.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 46

B.F.Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

A)imprinting
B)self-efficacy
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 47

When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's his parents gave him one dollar for each A.Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)self-efficacy

Question 48

______________ will make a behaviour more likely to occur again,while ______________ will make a behaviour less likely to occur again.

A)Negative reinforcement;negative punishment
B)Positive punishment;negative punishment
C)Positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement
D)Positive punishment;negative punishment

Question 49

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,development is

A)the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans.
B)determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong.
C)the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds.
D)determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

Question 50

In Erikson's psychosocial theory,

A)outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.
B)each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.
C)physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.
D)the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

Question 51

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of

A)observational learning.
B)punishment.
C)reinforcement.
D)genetic influences.

Question 52

Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class,their teacher seemed to get mad at them.Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help,even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her.Amanda's behaviour was shaped by

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)observational learning.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 53

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)extinction.
D)punishment.

Question 54

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)John Watson
C)Jean Piaget
D)Konrad Lorenz

Question 55

Nehama believes that we could totally understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviours in the past.Nehama looks at child development as a(n) ________ theorist does.

A)ecological
B)cognitive-developmental
C)psychodynamic
D)learning

Question 56

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behaviour that it follows is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)self-efficacy.
D)punishment.

Question 57

Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store.Eventually,Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy.According to theories of operant conditioning,what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store?

A)Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.
B)Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
C)Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
D)Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.

Question 58

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy.Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show.According to social cognitive theory,Frank has just demonstrated

A)observational learning or imitation.
B)punishment for aggressive behaviour.
C)reinforcement for sharing toys.
D)imprinting.

Question 59

Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school,she was excused from setting the table,a chore she detests.Krysia's parents were using ________ to modify her behaviour.

A)self-efficacy
B)punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement

Question 60

Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories?

A)maturational
B)cognitive-developmental
C)ethological
D)learning

Question 61

Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor
B)sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,formal operational
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational
D)concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor,preoperational

Question 62

Jean Piaget is associated with ________ theory.

A)ecological
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the five perspectives (psychodynamic,learning,contextual,cognitive-developmental,biological) used to explain child development?

A)No single perspective on its own provides a truly complete explanation of all aspects of children's development
B)The biological perspective has been shown to be superior to the other four approaches
C)The learning perspective is best at explaining how children's thinking changes as they grow older
D)The psychodynamic approach is the most widely used today

Question 64

Piaget stated that children's theories about the world

A)remain the same until adulthood.
B)undergo three major changes during development.
C)are never tested by the children.
D)are based on what adults tell them.

Question 65

Your neighbour tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook,you reply,"You sound just like

A)B)F.Skinner!"
B)Sigmund Freud!"
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner!"
D)Jean Piaget!"

Question 66

The idea of continuity in development

A)is consistent with the view that behaviour during the preschool years is not related to behaviour during later childhood.
B)means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains.
C)is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development.
D)means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.

Question 67

Piaget believed that children

A)are passively shaped by their experiences.
B)actively try to make sense of their world.
C)learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments.
D)face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

Question 68

Caitlyn has grown up in a family that has a long history of baking.Her parents own a bakery that was passed down to them from Caitlyn's grandparents.She has learned,from working with her parents and grandparents,how to make dough,roll dough,and how to ultimately bake the loaves of bread.Caitlyn can almost be viewed as an 'apprentice' working with her family.Which theory best explains Caitlyn's upbringing?

A)Freud's psychodynamic theory
B)Vygotsky's theory of contextual development
C)Biological theory
D)Bronfenbrenner's theory of ecological systems

Question 69

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on

A)the resolution of psychological crises.
B)improvements in mental hardware and software.
C)children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds.
D)adaptive behaviours that are learned during critical periods.

Question 70

Biology is to environment as ________ theory is to ________ theory.

A)maturational;learning
B)psychosocial;ethological
C)Piaget's;Freud's
D)psychodynamic,Erikson's psychosocial

Question 71

________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

A)Piaget
B)Skinner
C)Freud
D)Vygotsky

Question 72

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

A)Erikson's theory.
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory.
C)Piaget's theory.
D)Freud's theory.

Question 73

Research by David De Wit and colleagues has shown that the Big Brothers Big Sisters programs

A)alleviate emotional problems and anxieties and improve the social skills of children.
B)help children do better in school,but don't have much of an impact on social skills.
C)have no impact on children at all.
D)improve social skills of children,but don't help in other domains.

Question 74

According to ________ theory,development is a result of how conflicts are resolved.

A)biological
B)learning
C)cognitive-developmental
D)psychodynamic

Question 75

Piaget claimed that radical revisions occur ______ time(s) during development.

A)one
B)three
C)four
D)seven

Question 76

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

A)Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment.
B)Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not.
C)Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behaviour while Bandura does not.
D)Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Question 77

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory,the dimension in which all other systems change over time is called the

A)macrosystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)chronosystem.
D)microsystem.

Question 78

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

A)experience.
B)personality.
C)thinking.
D)context.

Question 79

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years.Sarah believed she was a good swimmer too,and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned six.Bandura would say that ________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings.

A)genetic factors
B)self-efficacy
C)punishment
D)negative reinforcement

Question 80

According to Bronfenbrenner,the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment represent the

A)macrosystem.
B)exosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)mesosystem.