Deck 5: Theories of Development

Question 1

According to the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg,the health-care worker can anticipate that the moral development of a 2-year-old will follow the preconventional pattern by:

A) obeying rules to avoid punishment.
B) conforming to rules to gain reward.
C) following rules to be thought of as "good."
D) desiring to do the "right" thing.

Answer 1

A
Rationale The preconventional pattern of behavior would lead the toddler to obey rules to avoid punishment.

Question 2

When the father of a 12-year-old says,"I must find some way to get my son to become serious about school.He just seems to want to play all the time." The parent is in the __________ stage of parenting behaviors described by Erik Erikson.

A) parental image
B) authority
C) integrative
D) independent

Answer 2

C
The need a parent feels to motivate the child who is experiencing early independence is part of Erik Erikson's stages of parenting,Stage 3: Integrative.

Question 3

A 73-year-old man scheduled for surgery tells the health-care worker that if things do not go well during surgery,he has lived a full life and has no regrets.The health-care worker recognizes that this statement is consistent with:

A) the changes and redirected goals characteristic of Levinson's theory of late adulthood.
B) achievement of the developmental task of integrity described by Erikson.
C) the wisdom and judgment that maintains self-esteem in Peck's theory of development.
D) unsuccessful achievement of earlier developmental tasks described by Havighurst.

Answer 3

B
A sense of a life well lived and an acceptance of death are characteristic of Erikson's task of ego-integrity.

Question 4

What are major characteristic(s)of a self-actualized person? (Select all that apply. )

A) Understands reality
B) Makes judgments based on evidence
C) Is reliant on significant others
D) Is creative
E) Has values that are constantly changing

Question 5

To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child,the health-care worker should:

A) encourage the child to read a book.
B) ask the parents of the child to bring a favorite toy from home.
C) encourage the child to telephone friends and family members.
D) ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom.

Question 6

The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to:

A) provide opportunities for the toddler to play with other children.
B) help the toddler learn right from wrong.
C) help the toddler to complete tasks.
D) encourage the toddler to do things for himself.

Question 7

A woman whose husband retired 6 months ago says that he is "driving me crazy" and is "underfoot all the time." These complaints indicate that the wife is in the retirement developmental stage of:

A) honeymoon.
B) terminal.
C) disenchantment.
D) freedom.

Question 8

The theorist who proposed a psychosocial theory that human development occurs as a result of interactions among the environment,culture,and the individual was:

A) Erik Erikson.
B) Daniel Levinson.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Robert Keegan.

Question 9

A 10-year-old child has demonstrated exceptional spelling ability in several school and community contests and is recognized in his school by teachers and peers for his ability.He believes he can win the state championship.This situation is representative of the concept of:

A) latency; achievement of skills (Freud).
B) mastery of environment; match between ideal and actual self (Rogers).
C) initiative; following rules (Erikson).
D) academic recognition; value of the less aggressive child (Bronfenbrenner).

Question 10

The function of Freud's defense mechanism is to:

A) foster learning, growth, and adaptation.
B) inflate the self-image.
C) resolve interpersonal conflicts.
D) relieve anxiety.

Question 11

Psychodynamic developmental theories focus on resolution or development of: (Select all that apply. )

A) thinking/reasoning skills.
B) love/attachment.
C) personality traits.
D) cultural adjustment.
E) psychological challenges.

Question 12

According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky,preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of:

A) avoidance of punishment.
B) imitating older children.
C) relying on their autonomy.
D) inner language.

Question 13

The behavior most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development is:

A) progression from reflex activity to imitative behavior.
B) inability to put oneself in another's place.
C) thought processes become increasingly logical and coherent.
D) ability to think in abstract terms and draw logical conclusions.

Question 14

The characteristic common to all developmental models is that:

A) chronological age is the most important factor.
B) development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan.
C) development depends on physical growth.
D) developmental progress continues regardless of environment.

Question 15

When the health-care worker praises a child for eating all of the meal and expresses disappointment when the child does not eat,the health-care worker is following the behavioral theory of:

A) Skinner.
B) Erikson.
C) Freud.
D) Havighurst.

Question 16

When the driver who is stopped for speeding tells the officer that he was rushing to an important appointment,this is an example of the defense mechanism of:

A) identification.
B) rationalization.
C) sublimation.
D) repression.

Question 17

Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that basic physiological needs must be met before the individual can reach full potential.An example of a physiological need being met is:

A) the need to be well thought of by oneself as well as by others.
B) obtaining prenatal care early in pregnancy.
C) drinking eight glasses of water a day and following a well-balanced diet.
D) building an extra room for an elder onto a small house.

Question 18

According to Kohlberg,children develop moral reasoning as they mature.Which action is most characteristic of a school-age child's stage of moral development?

A) Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment.
B) Rules are followed to gain recognition.
C) Behavior that pleases others is considered good.
D) Showing respect for authority is important behavior.

Question 19

Behavior modification is basically designed to:

A) probe the unconscious motives of behavior.
B) alter current behavior patterns.
C) produce basic changes in personality.
D) relieve conflicts in behavior.

Question 20

A school-age child who is helping his father wash the car is told by his father that he is leaving "streaks all over the windows." The child feels his father thinks he's stupid for not being able to wash windows correctly.This incorporation of "being stupid" into the child's self-concept illustrates an example of:

A) moral reasoning (Kohlberg).
B) information processing (Piaget).
C) looking-glass self (Cooley and Mead).
D) imitation of behavior (Bandura and Mischel).

Question 21

The school nurse recognizes the defense mechanism of _____________when the 7-year-old first grader throws his crayons on the floor after he has been reprimanded by the teacher for boisterous behavior.

Question 22

According to Piaget,children typically solve problems by trial and error during the ____________ stage of development.