Deck 24: Medical Genetics and Cancer

Question 1

In the analysis of a family, you notice that males are more likely to contract a certain disease and the daughters of affected males produce 50% of their sons affected with the disease. This disease is displaying what pattern of inheritance?

A)X-linked recessive
B)Autosomal recessive
C)Autosomal dominant
D)X-linked dominant

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cancer is considered clonal because daughter cells from a cancer cell have the same genetic makeup as the parent cell.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dizygotic twins share _______ of their genetic information.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a disease that is caused by a single gene, the concordance among monozygotic twins should be ____.

A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
E)100%

Question 5

The process of _______ removes amniotic fluid from a pregnant mother to examine fetal cells for genetic problems.

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) preimplantation genetic diagnosis
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 6

In a disease that is associated with a single recessive allele, the concordance among dizygotic twins should be ____, assuming both parents are heterozygous carriers.

A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
E)100%

Question 7

Programmed cell death is called genome maintenance.

Question 8

You are analyzing a human pedigree for a new disease and discover that the disease occurs with the same frequency in both sexes and that 25% of the children from two unaffected heterozygous parents have the disease. This disease is displaying ____ inheritance.

A)autosomal recessive
B)autosomal dominant
C)sex-linked recessive
D)sex-linked dominant

Question 9

The majority of human cancers are caused by ______.

A)viral infections
B)inherited mutations
C)spontaneous mutations
D)carcinogens

Question 10

What prion conformation may result in a prion-related infection?

A)PrP^Sc
B)PrP^C
C)Both can cause disease

Question 11

A gene that promotes the development of cancer is called a(n) _______.

A)clone
B)tumor suppressor gene
C)mutagen
D)carcinogen
E) oncogene

Question 12

The age at which a disease appears in an organism is called the _______.

A) null age
B) critical age
C) age of incubation
D) age of onset

Question 13

When GTP is bound to Ras, it is in the _____ form.

A)active
B)inactive

Question 14

A _______ is a cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene.

A) carcinogen
B) proto-oncogene
C) tumor-suppressor genes
D) caspase gene

Question 15

An environmental agent that causes cancer is called a _______.

A) carcinogen
B) malignant agent
C) invasive agent
D) metastatic agent

Question 16

The first acutely transforming virus to be isolated was _____.

A)RSV in chickens
B)Hepatitis B in humans
C)SSV in monkeys
D)ALV in mice
E) SV40 in humans

Question 17

The term that indicates that cancer has begun to migrate to other parts of the body is ______.

A)malignant
B)benign
C)metastatic
D)invasive
E) clonal

Question 18

Which test provides the earliest indication of genetic problems in a fetus?

A) Amniocentesis
B) Chorionic villus sampling
C) Both provide reliable indications at the same stage of development

Question 19

Prions can contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.

Question 20

What is p53?

A)A caspase
B)A proto-oncogene
C)A transcription factor
D)A tumor suppressing gene
E)None of the answers are correct

Question 21

You are working in a lab where you are studying a disease that is known to be caused by a single nucleotide change, although the effect this change ultimately has on the protein's structure/function is unknown. You have DNA samples from multiple patients that you suspect of having this disease. What is the most efficient way to test the samples for the relevant mutation?

A) Western blotting
B) DNA sequencing
C) Karyotyping
D) Amniocentesis

Question 22

Checkpoint proteins act as ________.

A)oncogenes
B)growth factors
C)proto-oncogenes
D)tumor-suppressing genes

Question 23

In the United States, most newborns undergo a test for primary congenital hypothyroidism, a condition where people are unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. On a nationwide basis, this is an example of

A)genetic testing.
B)genetic screening.
C)amniocentesis.
D)preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Question 24

The general approach in which researchers and clinicians use methods that enable them to understand the molecular changes that occur in diseases such as cancer is called _________.

A)molecular profiling
B)personalized medicine
C)DNA microarrays
D)cluster analysis

Question 25

An oncogene may promote cancer by keeping the cell growth pathway in the off position.

Question 26

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is an example of a proto-oncogene activation by ____.

A)Action of a virus
B)Missense mutation
C)A translocation
D)Gene amplification
E)None of the answers are correct

Question 27

When are caspases active?

A)The normal cell cycle
B)Apotosis
C)Viral integration
D)DNA replication

Question 28

DNA damage is sensed by E2F at the G₁ and G₂ checkpoints.

Question 29

A pedigree analysis is the study of family trees to establish patterns of inheritance.

Question 30

An oncogene form of Ras would have ___________.

A)decreased GTPase activity
B)an inability to bind GTP
C)increased susceptibility to growth factors
D)inability to bind Raf-1

Question 31

Haplotypes between homologs in the same individual _________; haplotypes for the same chromosome in different individuals ________.

A)are always the same; are always different
B)can be the same or different; can be the same or different
C)are always the same; can be the same or different
D)can be the same or different; are always different

Question 32

When a scientist is attempting to use haplotype analysis to link a disease-causing allele to a molecular marker, it is important for the marker to be close to the disease-causing allele, otherwise _____ may occur.

A)additional mutation
B)crossing over
C)linkage disequilibrium
D)founder effect

Question 33

Herceptin is a drug that is given to treat certain breast cancers. However, it is most effective on tumors that are overexpressing HER2. Therefore, patients are tested for HER2 overexpression before being given Herceptin. This is an example of

A)concordance.
B)a haplotype.
C)personalized medicine.
D)karyotyping.

Question 34

In a cell culture you notice that a group of cells have begun to form a focus on a culture dish. These cells are most likely ______.

A)malignant
B)normal

Question 35

A disease that can be caused by mutations in different genes is said to have homogeneity.