Deck 15: Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

A)Antigen-presenting cells
B)Cytotoxic T cells
C)Helper T cells
D)Plasma cells
E)Memory B cells

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where

A)T lymphocytes complete maturation.
B)immune responses to antigen occur.
C)stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes.
D)antigen is filtered from the blood.
E)antigen is filtered from tissue fluid.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions

A)are the result of genetic expression.
B)function in recognition of self molecules.
C)receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system.
D)aid in cellular development.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) ______.

A)PAMP
B)marker
C)antigen
D)hapten
E)antibody

Question 5

Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development?

A)Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed.
B)Random genetic rearrangements occur to produce different surface protein receptors.
C)Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed.
D)Lymphocytes form from stem cells in the bone marrow.
E)Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.

Question 6

Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called ______.

A)proliferation.
B)differentiation.
C)clonal selection.
D)clonal deletion.
E)hypersensitivity.

Question 7

The antibody-secreting progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called

A)plasma cells.
B)antibodies.
C)bursa cells.
D)activated macrophages.
E)sensitized T cells.

Question 8

Plasma cells

A)function in allergic reactions.
B)secrete antibodies.
C)directly destroy target cells.
D)activate B cells and other T cells.
E)suppress immune reactions.

Question 9

MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except ______.

A)red blood cells
B)epithelial cells
C)eosinophils
D)islet of Langerhans cells
E)leukocytes

Question 10

Class II MHC genes code for

A)certain secreted complement components.
B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.
C)all HLA antigens.
D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in

A)antibody proliferation.
B)T cell maturation.
C)recognition of self.
D)B cell maturation.

Question 12

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of

A)interferon.
B)mucus membranes.
C)skin barriers.
D)lysozyme.
E)B and T lymphocytes.

Question 13

Lymphocyte maturation involves

A)hormonal signals that initiate development.
B)B cells maturing in bone marrow sites.
C)T cells maturing in the thymus.
D)release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Class I MHC genes code for

A)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.
B)all HLA antigens.
C)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.
D)certain secreted complement components.

Question 15

Helper T cells

A)activate B cells and other T cells.
B)suppress immune reactions.
C)function in allergic reactions.
D)directly destroy target cells.
E)secrete antibodies.

Question 16

Properties of effective antigens include all of the following except

A)they are foreign to the immune system.
B)they have molecular complexity.
C)they are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000.
D)they are large polymers made up of repeating subunits.
E)they are cells or large, complex molecules.

Question 17

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly diversified from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the ______ region.

A)joining
B)variable
C)constant
D)hinge
E)light

Question 18

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all of the following except

A)two identical light polypeptide chains.
B)two identical heavy polypeptide chains.
C)four antigen binding sites.
D)disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains.
E)a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain.

Question 19

The major histocompatibility complex is

A)a set of glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells.
B)a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins.
C)found on the third chromosome.
D)located in the thymus gland.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

Lymphocytes

A)possess MHC antigens for recognizing self.
B)have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens.
C)gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self.
D)develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ______.

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgD
D)IgA
E)IgE

Question 22

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except

A)it can serve as a B-cell receptor.
B)it is a dimer.
C)it is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell.
D)it has 10 antigen binding sites.
E)it contains a central J chain.

Question 23

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

A)Neutralization
B)Opsonization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Anamnestic response

Question 24

The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is _____.

A)IgE
B)IgM
C)IgA
D)IgG
E)IgD

Question 25

Which of the following is not a property of B cells?

A)They produce plasma cells and memory cells.
B)They have receptors called immunoglobulins.
C)They mature in the bone marrow.
D)They require antigen presented with MHC proteins.
E)There are low numbers circulating in the blood.

Question 26

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ______.

A)IgA
B)IgG
C)IgM
D)IgD
E)IgE

Question 27

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ______.

A)IgA
B)IgG
C)IgM
D)IgD
E)IgE

Question 28

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ______.

A)hapten
B)antigen binding site
C)variable region
D)epitope

Question 29

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ______.

A)allergens
B)autoantigens
C)superantigens
D)heterophilic antigens

Question 30

Antigen presenting cells

A)include dendritic cells.
B)include macrophages.
C)engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic.
D)hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 31

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are

A)IgM only.
B)IgG only.
C)IgD only.
D)IgM and IgD.
E)IgD and IgE.

Question 32

T cell response to T-dependent antigens requires

A)typically a protein antigen.
B)binding of the T cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage.
C)binding of the T cell to a site on the antigen.
D)interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?

A)IgM only
B)IgG only
C)IgD only
D)IgM and IgG
E)IgE and IgA

Question 34

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

A)Opsonization
B)Anamnestic response
C)Neutralization
D)Complement fixation
E)Agglutination

Question 35

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed ______.

A)haptens
B)antigen binding sites
C)epitopes
D)variable regions

Question 36

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

A)Opsonization
B)Agglutination
C)Anamnestic response
D)Neutralization
E)Complement fixation

Question 37

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?

A)It contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells.
B)It forms the antigen binding sites.
C)It determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs.
D)It contains an effector molecule that can fix complement.
E)It is called the crystallizable fragment.

Question 38

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine _____, which activates T helper cells.

A)interferon
B)histamine
C)interleukin-2
D)interleukin-1

Question 39

Superantigens are

A)body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign.
B)cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members.
C)bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.
D)antigens that evoke allergic reactions.

Question 40

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule, thereby disrupting their activity?

A)Opsonization
B)Neutralization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Anamnestic response

Question 41

An example of artificial active immunity would be

A)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
B)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity.

Question 42

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by

A)treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation.
B)removal of virulence genes from the microbe.
C)passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture.
D)long-term subculturing of the microbe.

Question 43

Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.

A)variable
B)Fc
C)hinge
D)FAb
E)terminal

Question 44

An activated T_H cell produces _____, which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A)interleukin-1
B)interleukin-2
C)interleukin-12
D)antiserum
E)complement

Question 45

High titers of specific antibodies are characteristic of

A)specific immune globulin (SIG).
B)gamma globulin.
C)toxoids.
D)immune serum globulin (ISG).
E)attenuated vaccines.

Question 46

Cytotoxic T cells

A)secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells.
B)lack specificity for antigen.
C)secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.
D)are activated by free, soluble antigens.

Question 47

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

A)Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
B)Natural killer (NK) cells
C)Suppressor T cells
D)Helper T cells
E)Cytotoxic T cells

Question 48

Immunotherapy is the

A)use of antitoxins.
B)use of immune serum globulin.
C)conferring of passive immunity.
D)administering of preformed antibodies.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines

A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules.
B)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
C)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.
D)confer passive immunity.
E)are always genetically engineered.

Question 50

Edward Jenner's work involved

A)development of passive immunotherapy.
B)immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one.
C)development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox.
D)inoculation of dried pus from smallpox pustules into a person to stimulate immunity.

Question 51

Antitoxins

A)are always genetically engineered.
B)confer passive immunity.
C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
D)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen.
E)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules.

Question 52

Which of the following is not a target for T_C cells?

A)Pig transplanted heart
B)Human transplanted liver
C)Virus-infected cells
D)Cancer cells
E)Bacteria

Question 53

What process generates many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

A)Antigen expression
B)Antigen presentation
C)Clonal expansion
D)Antibody production
E)Opsonization

Question 54

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make

A)a booster.
B)gamma globulin.
C)an adjuvant.
D)a "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine.
E)antibodies to toxin.

Question 55

The most significant cells in graft rejection are

A)delayed hypersensitivity T cells.
B)natural killer (NK) cells.
C)suppressor T cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)helper T cells.

Question 56

An example of natural active immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity.
B)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
C)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.
D)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.

Question 57

Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of _____.

A)memory cells
B)plasma cells
C)T helper cells
D)antibodies
E)phagocytotic cells

Question 58

Live, attenuated vaccines

A)include the Sabin polio vaccine.
B)include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR).
C)contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person.
D)require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 59

An example of natural passive immunity would be

A)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
B)chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity.
C)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 60

An example of artificial passive immunity would be

A)chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity.
B)chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Question 61

All nucleated cells contain

A)class II MHC.
B)class I MHC.
C)secretory antibodies.
D)IgD receptors.
E)IgE receptors.

Question 62

As an adult who never developed chickenpox infection as a child, you elect to receive the protective vaccine against this pathogen at the age of 35.This vaccine will stimulate

A)latency.
B)an anamnestic response.
C)a primary immune response.
D)a secondary immune response.

Question 63

Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.

Question 64

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Tertiary
D)Quaternary

Question 65

You do not really want to get your 3 children vaccinated.Your view is why do it when others around you will get the vaccine and end up protecting you and your children.Which is an accurate statement that your physician may provide to you in response to your challenge to vaccination? This is not a smart choice.If enough people choose not to get vaccinated, the susceptible population grows to a large size, breaking the protective effect of herd immunity.
B)Your choice is fine; your children will never become infected since this is actually the basis of herd immunity.
C)This is not a smart choice.You could face potential arrest for not vaccinating your child per the regulations of the U.S.government.
D)Your choice is fine; maybe you will change your mind when your child goes to college.

Question 66

Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.

Question 67

A cytotoxic T lymphocyte, having been activated against a particular viral antigen, "sees" this same antigen displayed on the surface of a host cell.What will happen?

A)The cytotoxic T cell will produce proteins that cause the host body cell to die.
B)The cytotoxic body cell will activate B cells which then produce antibody against the antigen.
C)The antigen will move inside of the host body cell, thereby hiding from the cytotoxic T cell.
D)The cytotoxic T cell will produce antibodies against the antigen.

Question 68

Fluzone is a brand name for a very commonly given influenza vaccine.The vaccine is prepared by first harvesting flu viruses in chicken embryos and then breaking apart virus particles into protein subunits, thereby inactivating the virus.Your friend refuses to get the vaccine.Which of these statements is the only valid reason for her not to get the flu vaccine?

A)She could pass the virus onto her baby, causing the child to become autistic.
B)She is allergic to eggs.
C)She could catch the flu from the inactivated vaccine.
D)She could die from the vaccine.

Question 69

Activation of B cells can occur when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.

Question 70

The array of potential antibodies to the variety of possible antigens is amazing.Which statement explains this development?

A)Mutations in the antibody gene occur within the activated B cells, since they meet the antigen.
B)The existing antibody molecules change their shapes, allowing them to fit with a large number of antigens.
C)There is a shuffling of genes that code for self markers as well as nonself markers, mixing them together and producing reactive lymphocytes to those markers.
D)Recombination of genes coding for the variable regions of immunoglobulins occurs during the developmental stage of lymphocyte production.

Question 71

Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.

Question 72

After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.

Question 73

The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response.

Question 74

You have received the first hepatitis A vaccine.It was required for your mission trip to Nicaragua in Central America, where hepatitis A is common.However, you never went back for the booster shot of the vaccine, which should have been received within 6 months of the initial vaccination.What statement accurately reflects your present immunity to this pathogen?

A)You are at risk to get hepatitis A since your immune status is only partial.Not enough immune memory cells were produced since you received one dosage of vaccine, so you are likely to get the disease when exposed to the virus.
B)The one dosage is not enough because it only activated humoral immunity.The second dosage is used to activate cell-mediated immunity.The combination of the two immune responses gives you 100% coverage of immunity to hepatitis A.
C)This is not a problem because the second dosage is just extra protection.Your immune status would be very high.
D)Not a problem because at any time, in a year, 5 years, etc., you can go get the booster vaccine for hepatitis A and be fully covered by immunity.

Question 75

Antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids.

Question 76

The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.

Question 77

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

A)"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
B)Booster
C)Gamma globulin
D)Antibodies to toxin
E)Adjuvant

Question 78

A patient enters your clinic with a suspected helminthic infection.In support of this diagnosis, you suspect elevated levels of which antibody in the patient's serum?

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgE
D)IgD

Question 79

The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.

Question 80

One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes, but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.