Deck 9: Personality and Life Outcomes

Question 1

A study of social status among college students by Anderson et al. (2001)examined the relations between self-reports on the Big Five personality factors and observer ratings of prominence,influence,and respect.Which Big Five factor was found to be associated with these social status ratings,both for men and for women?

A)Extraversion
B)Agreeableness
C)Conscientiousness
D)Emotional Stability
E)Openness to Experience (Intellect/Imagination)

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In their analyses of longitudinal data from Terman's study of gifted children,what did Friedman et al. (1993)find regarding the relations between childhood personality characteristics and longevity?

A)Higher dependability and higher cheerfulness predicted a longer life.
B)Higher dependability and lower cheerfulness predicted a longer life.
C)Lower dependability and higher cheerfulness predicted a longer life.
D)Lower dependability and lower cheerfulness predicted a longer life.
E)Average levels of both dependability and cheerfulness predicted a longer life.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements about integrity tests can be considered accurate?
1)Only the "personality-based" integrity tests are associated with better job performance
2)"Overt" integrity tests ask respondents about their previous criminal activity and about their attitudes toward such activity
3)Integrity tests generally measure characteristics related to the broad factors of Conscientiousness and Honesty-Humility.

A)1 only
B)1 and 2
C)1 and 3
D)2 and 3
E)All of the above.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Van Iddekinge et al. (2011)recently reported a new meta-analysis on the validity of integrity test scores in predicting the job performance,the employer reported counterproductive behavior,and the self-reported counterproductive behavior of employees.Which of those criteria did integrity tests predict most strongly?

A)Job performance
B)Employer reported counterproductive behavior
C)Self-reported counterproductive behavior
D)Both A and B
E)Both B and C

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the problem of faking on integrity tests can be considered accurate?
1)Job applicants generally get considerably higher scores on integrity tests than do current employees,thus suggesting that applicants probably do "fake" to some extent
2)Because of faking,integrity tests actually have negative validity in predicting job performance
3)Some research shows that people who obtain high scores on scales designed to detect faking actually behave more honestly than do people who obtain lower "faking" scores.

A)1 only
B)1 and 2
C)1 and 3
D)2 and 3
E)All of the above.

Question 6

Recall that Terracciano and Costa (2004)compared the personality characteristics of persons who had never smoked,of persons who had quit smoking,and of persons who were current smokers.How did the personality trait levels of people who had quit smoking compare with the personality trait levels of people who had never smoked and of people who were current smokers?

A)About the same as those of people who had never smoked.
B)About the same as those of people who were current smokers.
C)Even more extreme than those of persons who had never smoked.
D)Even more extreme than those of persons who were current smokers.
E)In between those of persons who had never smoked and those of persons who were current smokers.

Question 7

An investigation by Elkins et al. (2006)found that 17-year-olds who had low levels of traits related to two of the Big Five personality factors were at higher risk for having or developing problems with substance use.Which personality factors were these?

A)Emotional Stability and Agreeableness
B)Extraversion and Conscientiousness
C)Conscientiousness and Agreeableness
D)Extraversion and Emotional Stability
E)Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability

Question 8

Recall the cross-cultural study by Schimmack et al.of life satisfaction in relation to emotions and personality traits.Which of the following best describes the strength of the relations of life satisfaction with personality traits in these cultures?

A)The relations are stronger within collectivist societies than within individualist societies.
B)The relations are stronger within individualist societies than within collectivist societies.
C)A is true for women,but B is true for men.
D)A is true for men,but B is true for women.
E)None of the above;the relations are similar across societies and for both sexes.

Question 9

According to research findings,which combination of self-esteem and Narcissism levels is most likely to be associated with aggressive,hostile behavior?

A)High self-esteem,high Narcissism.
B)High self-esteem,low Narcissism.
C)Low self-esteem,high Narcissism.
D)Low self-esteem,low Narcissism.
E)Any levels of self-esteem or of Narcissism that are too far from the normal,average level.

Question 10

Suppose that a person has levels of Big Five Agreeableness,Emotional Stability,and Conscientiousness that are all well above average.Given the findings of Malouff et al. (2010)and Dyrenforth et al. (2010),what is the best prediction for the levels of marital satisfaction for this person and for his or her spouse?

A)Marital satisfaction would be high both for this person and for his or her spouse
B)Marital satisfaction would be high for this person but not necessarily for his or her spouse
C)Marital satisfaction would be high for this person's spouse but not necessarily for the person himself or herself
D)Prediction (B)would apply for wives but prediction (C)would apply for husbands
E)Prediction (C)would apply for husbands but prediction (B)would apply for wives

Question 11

Recall the findings of Dyrenforth et al. (2010)about marital satisfaction in relation to the spouses' similarity (or dissimilarity)in personality trait levels.Which of the following accurately summarizes their findings?

A)Spouses with similar levels of personality traits tend to have higher marital satisfaction.
B)Spouses with dissimilar (opposite)levels of personality traits tend to have higher marital satisfaction.
C)Spouses' marital satisfaction does not depend on how similar or dissimilar their personality trait levels are.
D)Statement (A)applies for some traits but statement (B)applies for other traits.
E)Statement (A)applies for couples married a long time but statement (B)applies for newlyweds.

Question 12

Which two HEXACO factors were found by Lee et al.to show some appreciable levels of similarity and perceived (or assumed)similarity between friends?

A)Extraversion and Agreeableness
B)Emotionality and Conscientiousness
C)Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility
D)Emotionality and Openness to Experience
E)Conscientiousness and Honesty-Humility

Question 13

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a plausible reason for the link between a personality pattern of "hostile dominance" and increased risk of heart disease?

A)Hostile,dominant persons might have poor health habits (perhaps due to their unwillingness to listen or take good advice).
B)Hostile,dominant persons might create more stress for themselves by getting into conflicts with others.
C)Hostile,dominant persons might not receive much stress-reducing social support from others.
D)Hostile,dominant persons might have greater physiological reactions to stress (which leads to greater damage to blood vessels).
E)Hostile,dominant persons might be genetically more vulnerable to pathogens that cause heart disease.

Question 14

Friedman et al. (1995)investigated further details of the link between childhood personality and longevity.According to their findings,the relations between childhood personality and early mortality were fully accounted for by which of the following causes?

A)Smoking
B)Drinking
C)Obesity
D)All of the above,taken in combination.
E)None of the above,even in combination.

Question 15

What results have typically been found in comparisons of spouses' personalities?

A)Across various personality traits,there are strong positive correlations between husbands' and wives' levels (i.e. ,"like marries like").
B)Across various personality traits,there are strong negative correlations between husbands' and wives' levels (i.e. ,"opposites attract").
C)Across various personality traits,there is a mixture of strong positive and strong negative correlations between husbands' and wives' levels.
D)Across various personality traits,there are generally weak,near-zero correlations between husbands' and wives' levels.
E)None of the above;sex differences in personality trait levels mean that these correlations cannot be computed.

Question 16

Which of the following can accurately describe the findings of research on the relations between personality and academic performance?

A)Conscientiousness is strongly related to mental ability,and this is why Conscientiousness is associated with academic performance.
B)Some aspects of Conscientiousness,such as achievement orientation or work drive,are more strongly related to academic achievement than is Conscientiousness overall.
C)Openness to Experience is typically just as strongly related to academic performance as is Conscientiousness.
D)A and C
E)All of the above

Question 17

Suppose that a person is extremely exploitative and manipulative of others,but is able to control his or her impulses and is careful to avoid getting into trouble.How would this person be described in terms of primary and secondary psychopathy?

A)High in primary psychopathy,high in secondary psychopathy.
B)High in primary psychopathy,low in secondary psychopathy.
C)Low in primary psychopathy,high in secondary psychopathy.
D)Low in primary psychopathy,low in secondary psychopathy.
E)High in primary psychopathy,but the level of secondary psychopathy cannot be judged from the information given.

Question 18

Suppose that person has both (a)a strong tendency to experience positive emotions,and (b)a strong tendency to experience negative emotions,as indicated by averaged observer reports of this individual's personality.What can be inferred about this person's likely level of (self-reported)life satisfaction?

A)Life satisfaction levels cannot be inferred at all,because observer reports of personality are generally unrelated to self-reported life satisfaction.
B)Life satisfaction should be high,because it is only the positive emotions that are related to life satisfaction.
C)Life satisfaction should be low,because it is only the negative emotions that are related to life satisfaction.
D)Life satisfaction should be about average,because both positive and negative emotions are related to life satisfaction (in opposite directions).
E)If the person is a woman,then B is true;if the person is a man,than A is true.