Deck 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II

Question 1

The breakdown in the conditions of a neighborhood leads to social disorganization,which in turn leads to delinquents learning criminal activities from whom?

A)adults
B)younger youth
C)older youth
D)parents

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are considered part of the six (6)focal concerns proposed by Miller EXCEPT:

A)autonomy
B)trouble
C)smartness
D)toughness
E)engagement

Answer 2

E

Question 3

______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.

A)Zones in transition
B)Natural areas
C)Concentric circles
D)Urban sprawl

Answer 3

C

Question 4

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.What three zones did Burgess state were of less importance in terms of distinction?

A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V

Question 5

What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data?

A)Caucasians
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)Asians

Question 6

By the late 1800s,______ was largely made up of citizens who did not speak a common language and did not share one another's cultural values.

A)Denver
B)Detroit
C)Los Angeles
D)Chicago

Question 7

Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did not actually measure their primary construct of ______.

A)concentric zones
B)culture
C)environment
D)social disorganization

Question 8

According to Shaw and McKay,the neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have all of the following common problems EXCEPT:

A)poverty
B)permanent population
C)physical dilapidation
D)heterogeneity

Question 9

Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate the informal controls of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)social bonds
B)family ties
C)neighborhood networks
D)local laws

Question 10

______ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing not simply on the edges but from the inside outward.

A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest W.Burgess
C)Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
D)Robert E.Park
E)Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E.Wolfgang

Question 11

According to cultural theories of crime in the United States,what large group blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society?

A)Arian Brotherhood
B)Gothic subculture
C)Environmental activists
D)no such groups exist

Question 12

The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested by Park (invasion,domination,etc. )is ______.

A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V

Question 13

Shaw and McKay's findings rejected ______ because it is obvious that the culture is not what influences crime and delinquency but rather the criminogenic nature of the environment.

A)the Chicago School of criminology
B)social Darwinism
C)concentric circles
D)natural areas

Question 14

The development of the Chicago School of criminology was the epitome of using theoretical development and ______ to help improve conditions in society when it was most needed.

A)individual knowledge
B)scientific testing
C)collaborative efforts
D)test cities

Question 15

According to the text,most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values,such as all of the following EXCEPT:

A)delayed gratification
B)respect authority
C)hard work
D)autonomy

Question 16

Where some areas invade other zones or areas and the previously dominant area must succeed or die off is what is known as ______.

A)white flight
B)gentrification
C)urban sprawl
D)none of these

Question 17

The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______.

A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V

Question 18

______ claimed that much of human behavior,especially the way cities grow,follows the basic principles of ecology that had been documented and applied to wildlife for many years at that point.

A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest W.Burgess
C)Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
D)Robert E.Park
E)Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E.Wolfgang

Question 19

______ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city.

A)Charles Darwin
B)Ernest W.Burgess
C)Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
D)Robert E.Park
E)Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E.Wolfgang

Question 20

The term eminent domain means that local government can ______.

A)take land from low-income homeowners to build luxury,high-income homes
B)give land to low-income families to build on
C)take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses
D)reassign land from commercial use to residential use

Question 21

Shaw and McKay's model demonstrated that the prevalence and frequency of various social ills tend to overlap with higher delinquency rates.

Question 22

Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data showed that in terms of delinquency rates,it mattered which ethnic group lived in Zone II.

Question 23

The theoretical framework of concentric circles no longer has support from theorists.

Question 24

The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities,black Americans feel a sense of hopelessness,isolation,and despair.

Question 25

Discuss Shaw and McKay's Theory of Social Disorganization.

Question 26

Zone II was identified as the transition zone or zone in transition.

Question 27

To what does the term code of the streets refer?

Question 28

Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.

Question 29

Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of the Chicago School perspective on criminology,this theory resulted in one of the largest programs to date attempting to reduce delinquency rates.

Question 30

What were Ferracuti and Wolfgang's primary conclusions from their research? What did they base their primary conclusions on? What does their cultural/subcultural theory assume?

Question 31

Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Question 32

Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.

Question 33

Ferracuti and Wolfgang's primary conclusion was that violence is a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances and that learning such norms occurs in an environment that emphasizes violence over other options.

Question 34

Shaw and McKay's social disorganization model does not attempt to explain why some youths in the best neighborhoods choose to commit crime.

Question 35

Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate conventional law are good and positive ways to behave.

Question 36

Most citizens in Chicago in the late-1800s did not speak a common language or share cultural values.How could this be an issue?

Question 37

Chicago School's idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters,such as a Chinatown or Little Italy,and neighborhoods that have low or high crime rates is known as major areas.

Question 38

The term code of the streets was developed by Anderson.

Question 39

The Chicago School of criminology can be generalized to other cities.

Question 40

Shaw and McKay's formulation of social disorganization focused on the micro level of analysis,which has been criticized in recent years.

Question 41

Why was Chicago chosen as the area for the development of these theories? What was going on in this city in the mid- to late-1800s? Who ran the town,and what did this lead to?

Question 42

Explain what a natural area is and give two examples of such areas.How is this related to the idea of symbiosis and crime rates?

Question 43

What policy recommendations would you make based upon theories discussed in this chapter?

Question 44

Describe the Chicago Area Project and criticisms of the project.

Question 45

Explain the concept of social disorganization.Design an experiment to test the theory of social disorganization.What would you hope to find?

Question 46

What did the text cite as the reason why Shaw and McKay did not focus on slowing the invasion of factories and businesses into Zone II as a recommendation to decrease criminality in those areas?

Question 47

How did Park relate the ecological principle of symbiosis to society?

Question 48

What are the six focal concerns in Miller's theory?

Question 49

Distinguish between a culture and subculture.