Deck 1: Origins and Evolution of American Policing

Question 1

Sir Robert Peelʹs concept of uniformed police was primarily supposed to

A) give police a sense of unity and pride.
B) distinguish police officers from military officers.
C) make police stand out in a crowd to discourage crime.
D) make police easily identifiable to citizens who required help.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Punishment in the colonies was distinguished by being

A) lenient.
B) delayed.
C) public.
D) innovative.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What led to the establishment of the worldʹs first large -scale organized police force in the city of London?

A) the findings of the Wickersham Commission
B) the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act
C) the lobbying efforts of Reverend Charles Parkhurst
D) the reforming efforts of August Vollmer

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The decentralized police force model that developed in America

A) was modeled on the forces in a number of other nations.
B) represents American rejection of the idea of a national police force.
C) was closely linked to the high regard in which police were held.
D) may be a necessity, but is at odds with the American ideal.

Question 5

The use of federal-local law enforcement partnerships in recent years has led critics to contend that

A) we are repeating history in an undesirable way.
B) we are moving towards a national police force.
C) we need to redefine the role of local law enforcement.
D) we need to take the partnerships further than has yet been dared.

Question 6

How were sheriffs paid for their work in the early days of law enforcement?

A) They werenʹt paid, but worked on a volunteer basis.
B) They were paid a quarterly salary by the king.
C) They were paid a set amount by the king from collected taxes.
D) They were allowed to appropriate money collected for the king.

Question 7

The unreliability of lawmen in the Old West

A) led to the formation of posses and vigilante groups.
B) resulted from their intense focus on a few prominent outlaws.
C) was typical of law enforcement worldwide at the time.
D) was limited to a few poorly chosen sheriffs and marshals.

Question 8

In order to prevent crime, August Vollmer suggested, police should

A) be models of an exemplary lifestyle.
B) severely punish apprehended criminals as a deterrent.
C) work with families, schools, and other influential institutions.
D) undertake an unpredictable pattern of street patrol.

Question 9

As a result of historical circumstances, Americaʹs system of policing is

A) very similar to Englandʹs system.
B) closely related to ancient Roman models.
C) nearly unique in the world.
D) similar only to the system in France.

Question 10

All the following are true of New York Cityʹs early police force except which one?

A) It was modeled on Londonʹs Metropolitan Police.
B) It was formed in 1844.
C) It initially patrolled only during the day.
D) It had about 800 officers.

Question 11

British citizens were initially fearful about the police force because

A) of concerns that the line between policing and the military was too thin.
B) after centuries of the frankpledge system, they did not trust strangers to be fair.
C) they thought a centralized and unified system would be harsh and cruel.
D) they suspected Rowan and Mayne of being unscrupulous and self -serving.

Question 12

All of these are true of the Bow Street Runners except which one?

A) They patrolled the city and surrounding areas on foot.
B) They were founded by John and Henry Fielding.
C) They were paid to serve as constables and on night patrol.
D) They have been called the first known detective unit.

Question 13

What was the significant step toward full public policing that occurred in 1735?

A) Two London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections.
B) Two London parishes allowed their sheriffs to appropriate tax moneys.
C) Two London parishes set curfews to keep all private citizens inside at night.
D) Two London parishes set up criminal investigative units.

Question 14

How did shire-reeves address crime?

A) They apprehended criminals and brought them before the king.
B) They fined criminals and parishes that failed to capture criminals.
C) They caught and jailed criminals for set periods of time.
D) They put criminals in the stocks to shame them publicly.

Question 15

Reverend Charles Parkhurst

A) crusaded to reform the political system in New York City.
B) led church efforts to partner with law enforcement.
C) provided shelter for the homeless when police stations stopped.
D) inspected the police department and forced corrupt police officers to resign.

Question 16

What is kin policing?

A) a system from the Old Testament that has the idea of being oneʹs brotherʹs keeper
B) a very early system in which each group member has enforcement authority
C) a European system that grew out of the night watch approach to policing
D) an American colonial adaptation of the Norman shire system

Question 17

Americaʹs first police officers differed from their London counterparts in

A) being more willing to use force.
B) working to prevent crime.
C) shunning political connections.
D) responding to crime.

Question 18

What was the prafectus urbi?

A) the first military police official
B) the first police patrol
C) the first appointed law enforcement magistrate
D) the first paid law enforcement official

Question 19

ʺViceʺ laws in the late nineteenth century resulted in

A) a notable decrease in public disorder in American cities.
B) significant payoffs to officers who protected illegal activities.
C) a popular outcry against police enforcement of the laws.
D) a population move out of the cities to less well-enforced areas.

Question 20

Slave patrols were

A) small groups of slaves selected to secretly watch and report on their fellow slaves.
B) groups of former slaves who assisted the Union Army in the Civil War.
C) a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway slaves.
D) slaves who kept watch during runaway attempts.

Question 21

During the political era,

A) strong ties to citizens were achieved through foot patrols and preserving quality of life.
B) William M. ʺBossʺ Tweed was a welcomed voice for reform.
C) police jobs were given to the winning political candidateʹs supporters.
D) police officers were intolerant of even the most minor crimes.

Question 22

In the early days of the American colonies, crime control was largely provided by the churches.

Question 23

Which of these institutions was the first to be founded?

A) the Federal Bureau of Investigation
B) the Texas Department of Public Safety
C) the Secret Service
D) the U.S. Marshals

Question 24

As public policing took hold in England, more rural areas continued to rely on law enforcement by private organizations and individuals.

Question 25

The tithing system was based on multiples of ten.

Question 26

Shire-reeves derived their authority from Norman kings.

Question 27

The events that took place outside the Democratic National Convention in 1969 were an impetus for

A) requirements that police be trained in negotiation tactics.
B) reform of the Chicago police department under Mayor Richard Daley.
C) arrest and prosecution of all protestors and police on the scene.
D) public outcry that resulted in the beginning of the community era of policing.

Question 28

What made Hoover a controversial FBI director?

A) He was ahead of his time in the treatment of women.
B) He was unfair and alleged to have engaged in illegal activities.
C) He forced professionalism on an unwilling agency.
D) He failed to make any important arrests.

Question 29

Another name for the Bow Street Runners was the thief tamers.

Question 30

Sir Robert Peel was one of the first people to emphasize a role for police officers that included not only crime fighting, but also prevention.

Question 31

All of these were responses to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States except which one?

A) formation of the cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security
B) addition of an anti-terrorism mission to local law enforcement agencies
C) development of multiagency partnerships to respond to terror threats
D) the end of the community era of law enforcement in the United States

Question 32

The initial mission of the Secret Service was to

A) suppress counterfeiting.
B) protect the President.
C) investigate antitrust land fraud.
D) protect witnesses in criminal cases.

Question 33

Individuals who deviated from the established rules under the kin policing system were often dealt with informally.

Question 34

The general trend of the early history of policing is from private to public policing.

Question 35

Kings relied solely on military forces for law enforcement.

Question 36

Hoover changed the nature of the role of the FBI by insisting that they

A) apprehend terrorists.
B) catch counterfeiters.
C) investigate antitrust cases.
D) fight crime.

Question 37

The idea of making policing a civil service profession was tied to the idea of

A) police providing essential services for those in need.
B) requiring officers to attend college.
C) divorcing law enforcement from politics.
D) creating a national police force.

Question 38

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was founded in

A) 1789.
B) 1865.
C) 1908.
D) 1924.

Question 39

By the early years of the Common Era, Rome was patrolled around -the-clock by paid law enforcement officials.

Question 40

As the mission of the U.S. Marshals developed, they were charged with doing all of the following except which one?

A) apprehending counterfeiters
B) arresting fugitive slaves
C) patrolling the border
D) taking the national census

Question 41

The night watch system was formalized as the system around the twelfth century.

Question 42

In the late nineteenth century, patrol of residential districts was common in large U.S. cities.

Question 43

The Earp brothersʹ fight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, has become an iconic representation of the
U.S. Marshals responsibilities in the late 19th century.

Question 44

To a large extent, policing in America was based on the model of policing in .

Question 45

The mission of the U.S. postal inspectors, when they were created, was to target crimes committed through the mail.

Question 46

Today, state-level police agencies are all primarily focused on traffic law enforcement.

Question 47

The reform era is also known as the professional era and the legalistic era.

Question 48

Created by O. W. (Orlando Winfield) Wilson, the Deal Code became the template for the code of ethics of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.

Question 49

The keeper of the shire, or the shire-reeve, is the source of the term , which we still use today.

Question 50

The man who is regarded as moving policing towards professional stature through his efforts as a police chief was August .

Question 51

O. W. Wilson started the nationʹs first police school.

Question 52

In the political era, officers were more likely to regulate criminal activity than control it.

Question 53

When a watchman detected a fire or evidence of criminal activity, he had to sound the and cry.

Question 54

The name given to the Democratic Party ʺmachineʺ in New York City was Hall.

Question 55

Across the United States, state-level police agencies have very similar forms.

Question 56

In a tithing, it was only adult members who were held responsible for the conduct of the others.

Question 57

The terrorist attacks on the United States effectively ended the community era of policing.

Question 58

After the Roman Empire fell, law enforcement became the responsibility of individual .

Question 59

The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), its state -level police agency, was created in the 1930s.

Question 60

Shires were groups of parishes and are comparable to modern in terms of size.

Question 61

Place the historical eras in American policing in the left-hand column in the correct sequence using the order in the
right-hand column.
Column 1: New Era
Column 2: Fourth

Question 62

Match each important individual in the history of policing in the left -hand column with the description of his key accomplishments in the right -hand column.
Column 1: Sir Robert Peel
Column 2: the person whose criticisms of London policing led to the establishment of the first
large-scale, organized police force

Question 63

Place the historical eras in American policing in the left-hand column in the correct sequence using the order in the
right-hand column.
Column 1: Political Era
Column 2: First

Question 64

The shift of state police agenciesʹ mission to focus on enforcing traffic laws resulted from the invention of the
.

Question 65

Match each description with the correct Federal Agency.
Column 1: Secret Service
Column 2: main responsibility to protect the president

Question 66

Place the historical eras in American policing in the left-hand column in the correct sequence using the order in the
right-hand column.
Column 1: Community Era
Column 2: Third

Question 67

Match each important individual in the history of policing in the left -hand column with the description of his key accomplishments in the right -hand column.
Column 1: August Vollmer
Column 2: the person who helped establish the study of criminal justice as an academic discipline

Question 68

The Pennsylvania State Police were created in response to problems in the industry.

Question 69

The agency formed in 1908 with eight Secret Service agents as part of its core staff was the Federal Bureau of
.

Question 70

Match each description with the correct Federal Agency.
Column 1: U.S. Postal Inspectors
Column 2: target crimes committed via mail

Question 71

Explain the changes that have taken place in the Texas Rangers since their inception.

Question 72

The Pennsylvania State Police differed from other state-level policing agencies in drawing its officers primarily from the army and the National .

Question 73

Match each important individual in the history of policing in the left -hand column with the description of his key accomplishments in the right -hand column.
Column 1: Orlando Winfield ʺO. W.ʺ
Wilson
Column 2: a progressive era reformer

Question 74

Trace the history of the relationship of the police with politicians in America.

Question 75

Match each important individual in the history of policing in the left -hand column with the description of his key accomplishments in the right -hand column.
Column 1: Henry Fielding
Column 2: founder of Londonʹs first police force, the ʺBow Street Runnersʺ

Question 76

Explain how the frankpledge system is different from modern policing.

Question 77

The first U.S. marshals were appointed by President .

Question 78

Place the historical eras in American policing in the left-hand column in the correct sequence using the order in the
right-hand column.
Column 1: Reform Era
Column 2: Second

Question 79

Match each description with the correct Federal Agency.
Column 1: U.S. Marshals
Column 2: focused attention on apprehending counterfeiters

Question 80

Match each description with the correct Federal Agency.
Column 1: FBI
Column 2: tasked with investigating antitrust land fraud and similar matters