Deck 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood

Question 1

A study revealed that low levels of self-esteem were correlated to low academic achievement among children and adolescents.In this context,which of the following conclusions can be inferred?

A)Low self-esteem in children results in low academic achievement.
B)To increase academic achievement,self-esteem must be increased significantly.
C)Low self-esteem and low academic achievement are associated with each other.
D)Low academic achievement occurs because children with low self-esteem need to compensate their feelings of inferiority.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A 10-year-old is most likely to describe himself by saying,

A)"I am ten,and I have a bicycle."
B)"I am ten,and I have red hair and brown eyes."
C)"I am nice and I have a close friend named Tom."
D)"I live in a big,red brick house."

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In middle and late childhood,children tend to

A)describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes.
B)become more skeptical of others' claims.
C)eliminate the impact of social comparison on their self-evaluations.
D)experience an inability to perform prosocial behaviors.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During the elementary school years,children become more likely to recognize

A)material attributes of the self.
B)social aspects of the self.
C)physical characteristics.
D)that they do not need to compare themselves to others.

Question 5

An increased capacity in the area of ________ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior,emotions,and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

A)scheme internalization
B)self-regulation
C)behavior modification
D)self-continuation

Question 6

Which of the following has NOT been linked to low self-esteem?

A)obesity
B)anxiety
C)arrogance
D)delinquency

Question 7

Bernard has low self-esteem.Which of the following is more likely to be TRUE of Bernard,compared to those with normal or high levels of self-esteem?

A)Bernard has an unwarranted sense of superiority.
B)Bernard is at risk for suicide and depression.
C)Bernard is arrogant and conceited.
D)Bernard believes himself to be good looking.

Question 8

________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 9

Erikson's fourth stage,industry versus inferiority,appears during

A)adolescence.
B)early childhood.
C)middle and late childhood.
D)late childhood and adolescence.

Question 10

Jeremy is 9 years old.He is mediocre in terms of his academic and extracurricular performance and suffers from low self-esteem.His parents have been using various strategies to help him increase his self-esteem. Which of the following strategies they have been using is the LEAST likely to be effective?

A)helping Jeremy identify his areas of competence
B)helping Jeremy avoid self-evaluative thoughts
C)arranging for alternative sources of emotional support for Jeremy
D)teaching Jeremy concrete skills

Question 11

________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 12

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to children's ability to understand others in middle and late childhood?

A)Children in this phase show a gradual decrease in perspective taking.
B)Perspective taking bears a high correlation with antisocial behavior.
C)Perspective taking improves children's ability to sympathize with those in distress.
D)Children in this stage lack the abilities of cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility.

Question 13

What is a possible unintended outcome,noted by researchers,of providing inflated praise to children for mediocre work?

A)They will feel great about themselves.
B)They will attempt even the most challenging of tasks.
C)They will attempt to avoid tasks that are too challenging.
D)They will learn to accept criticism without question.

Question 14

The industry versus inferiority stage is the ________ stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

A)seventh
B)fifth
C)fourth
D)sixth

Question 15

Joanna,a fourth grader,loves to go to school.Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts,internalizes skills,and makes friends at school.Yesterday,Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone.Joanna is likely to develop a sense of ________ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage,according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

A)trust
B)inferiority
C)industry
D)intimacy

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to self-esteem?

A)Self-esteem and self-concept are terms with identical meaning and usage.
B)Low self-esteem has yet to be linked to negative life outcomes.
C)A child's belief about his or her self-esteem is accurate and unchanging.
D)Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self and is also called self-worth.

Question 17

According to recent research,which of the following is a long-term consequence of low self-esteem?

A)increased marital satisfaction
B)decreased life satisfaction
C)decreased financial stability
D)increased career satisfaction

Question 18

Which of the following actions is desirable when attempting to raise children's self-esteem?

A)encouraging children not to worry about their problems
B)focusing exclusively on areas of weaknesses,rather than competence
C)motivating children by rewarding poor or mediocre performance
D)teaching children real skills that they can master and apply

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson,during middle and late childhood,children are in the stage of

A)integrity versus despair.
B)identity versus identity confusion.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)initiative versus guilt.

Question 20

Self-concept refers to ________ evaluations of the self.

A)domain-specific
B)universal
C)generalized
D)normative and age appropriate

Question 21

Candice is presented with a moral dilemma.She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that the community as a whole will not disapprove of the person's action.Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's ________ reasoning level of moral development.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)autonomous moral
D)postconventional

Question 22

During their elementary school years,children

A)believe that only one emotion can be experienced in a situation.
B)lack the capability of feeling sympathy for a distressed person.
C)develop the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
D)fail to understand and express self-conscious emotions such as pride and shame.

Question 23

Melanie loves art class and she usually gets very good grades from her fifth grade art teacher,Annette Atkins.Annette recently recommended Melanie's name for an interschool art competition that she is sure Melanie can win.Melanie,who is usually confident,is experiencing feelings of anxiety ahead of the competition.She is also preparing for the competition and envisioning herself winning the prize and the pride this might bring.This represents Melanie's capacity to understand that

A)more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
B)rules are flexible and change from one situation to another.
C)all negative emotions must be concealed and suppressed.
D)she must judge all situations by her personal moral code.

Question 24

At Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning,the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options,and then decides on a personal moral code.

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)heteronomous
D)social systems

Question 25

Cynthia,a fourth grader,detests having to eat vegetables; and recently,her mother caught her throwing away her lunch in the trash.Since this incident,Cynthia has been forcing herself to eat whatever food she is given,not because she understands that it is healthy for her,but because she is scared that her mother will announce another time out.This is an example of Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)social contract
D)social systems morality

Question 26

Evan is a slow learner who is in the fifth grade.He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better.His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take some time and is not visible instantly.Despite this knowledge,Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares him unfavorably to his peers.Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a ________ in Evan.

A)greater sense of self-esteem
B)greater sense of inferiority
C)lower level of guilt and shame
D)strong feeling of secure attachment

Question 27

Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie.Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality

Question 28

Hillary's mother likes to let her daughter experience new things and gain new skills.As Hillary finds the process of baking very exciting,her mother recently allowed her to beat the eggs and measure out the flour required for the cake she was making.Though Hillary's mother could have done these tasks in a quicker and more efficient manner on her own,she chose to let Hillary take charge even if it meant more time,effort,and patience would be required on her part.Which of the following is TRUE with regard to this situation?

A)Hillary is likely to mistrust her mother's judgment.
B)Hillary is likely to gain a sense of industry as a result of her mother's effort.
C)Hillary is likely to gain a sense of inferiority even if her mother does not reprimand her for making a mess while baking with her.
D)Hillary's mother is likely to have a low need for generativity.

Question 29

During middle and late childhood,lower levels of internalized symptoms,such as depression and anxiety,are linked to a(n)________ attachment.

A)insecure-avoidant
B)insecure-resistant
C)insecure-disorganized
D)secure

Question 30

Which of the followings statements is TRUE with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Kohlberg proposed the two stages of heteronomous morality and autonomous morality to explain moral development in children.
B)Kohlberg proposed that children of different genders and cultural groups go through these stages in different ways.
C)Progression through the levels occurs as morality becomes more internal or mature.
D)This theory represents the care perspective of morality and undermines the justice perspective of morality.

Question 31

Less secure attachment to a mother during childhood is linked to

A)better peer relations in high school.
B)increases in anxiety levels.
C)higher cognitive functioning.
D)better physical fitness.

Question 32

Cybil is about to deliver a baby.Her husband,Bruce,is driving to the hospital at 80 miles per hour. Their son Will says,"Daddy,don't go that fast,you might get caught and sent to prison." From which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is Will making this statement?

A)autonomous moral reasoning
B)postconventional moral reasoning
C)preconventional moral reasoning
D)conventional moral reasoning

Question 33

Which of the following represents the determinant(s)of morality in the sixth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)individualism,purpose,and exchange
B)trust,caring,and loyalty
C)social contract
D)universal human rights

Question 34

________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Immanent
D)Heteronomous

Question 35

A person evaluates the degree to which actual laws preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)interpersonal expectations and interpersonal conformity
D)social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 36

Julie planned a surprise birthday party for her mother with the help of her friends and father.Before her mother got back from work,they put up streamers and other decorative items around the living room and waited for her mother to return and cut the cake.When Julie's mother returned,she got angry at the house being filled with children and the mess they had made decorating for her birthday party and stormed out of the house.This incident is likely to enhance Julie's sense of

A)inferiority.
B)industry.
C)autonomy.
D)generativity.

Question 37

Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively,it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.This is an example of a moral judgment based on Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality

Question 38

In which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning do trust,caring,and loyalty serve as bases of moral judgments?

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality

Question 39

In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage,good and bad are interpreted in terms of

A)personal moral codes.
B)social contract or utility.
C)external rewards and punishments.
D)social order,law,justice,and duty.

Question 40

Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents,and he responded by saying that "Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using ________ morality in this situation.

A)preconventional
B)heteronomous
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Question 41

Female brains differ from male brains in that

A)female brains are larger than male brains.
B)an area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is smaller in males than in females.
C)the areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than in females.
D)one part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in men than in women.

Question 42

Gender differences in communication have shown that adolescent girls engage in more ________ in close relationships when compared to boys.

A)self-assertive speech
B)passive listening
C)report talk
D)self-disclosure

Question 43

According to William Damon,sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by

A)objective ideas of fairness.
B)a motivation to obey adult authority figures.
C)a sense of obligation.
D)children's sense of obligation to the community.

Question 44

Which of the following is TRUE regarding gender differences in brain structure and function?

A)Female brains are smaller but have more surface brain tissue than males.
B)One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in women than men.
C)The areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than in females.
D)An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.

Question 45

________ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Relative
D)Responsive

Question 46

________ talk is talk that gives information.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Relative
D)Responsive

Question 47

Some critics argue that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development places too much emphasis on

A)the role of family in moral development.
B)cultural differences in moral development.
C)moral thought over moral behavior.
D)the process of inductive discipline.

Question 48

Which of the following represents the primary reason for sharing among toddlers and preschoolers, according to William Damon?

A)fairness
B)empathy and a sense of justice
C)benevolence or obligation
D)imitation or social play

Question 49

Which of the following statements about gender differences in cognitive development is TRUE?

A)Girls have slightly better reading and writing skills when compared to boys.
B)Girls have shown significantly higher levels of general intelligence than boys.
C)Girls have consistently achieved higher scores in math than boys.
D)Girls have better visuospatial skills when compared to boys.

Question 50

________ includes such behaviors as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A)Behavior modification
B)Behavioral aggression
C)Relational aggression
D)Overt aggression

Question 51

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan,who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

A)focuses too much on the role played by family and cultural differences on moral development in children.
B)fails to use abstract principles of justice and ethics that are integral to morality.
C)fails to consider moral principles as universal and constant.
D)fails to account for relationships and concern for others as moral behavior and thus reflects a gender bias.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about gender differences in emotions is accurate?

A)Girls are less likely than boys to express their emotions openly.
B)Boys are more likely to show empathy than are girls.
C)Girls are more likely to be able to decode others' emotions than boys.
D)Boys are more likely to show self-regulation of emotion than girls.

Question 53

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)His theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.
B)Moral stages suggested by his theory appear somewhat later in age than he suggested.
C)His theory emphasizes relationships and concern for others over abstract principles of justice.
D)Moral reasoning at the lower stages is rarely found in the real world.

Question 54

Which of the following is a feature of social conventional reasoning?

A)emphasis on ethical standards
B)focus on rules of morality
C)conventional rules of an arbitrary nature
D)incorporation of the concept of justice

Question 55

Public speaking is an example of ________ talk.

A)report
B)rapport
C)relative
D)responsive

Question 56

When compared to boys,

A)girls use more report talk than rapport talk.
B)girls exercise less self-regulation of emotion than males.
C)girls employ relational aggression as a greater percentage of their overall aggression.
D)girls use more assertive communication and less prosocial behavior.

Question 57

Laura is a fifth-grader.She was the most popular girl in her class until last month,when Jennifer joined their class as a new student and quickly replaced Laura as the most popular girl.Laura is trying to regain her popularity by spreading malicious rumors about Jennifer so that others will start disliking Jennifer.Laura is engaging in

A)affiliative communication.
B)self-regulation.
C)relational aggression.
D)coregulation.

Question 58

Which of the following is TRUE of rapport talk?

A)Public speaking is an example of rapport talk.
B)Females enjoy rapport talk more than males do.
C)Males hold center stage through rapport talk.
D)Rapport talk is talk that gives information.

Question 59

The care perspective of moral development was proposed by

A)Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)Carol Gilligan.
C)Jean Piaget.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 60

________ aggression includes behaviors such as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A)Instrumental
B)Normative
C)Relational
D)Hostile

Question 61

________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

A)Controversial
B)Neglected
C)Targeted
D)Average

Question 62

According to Kenneth Dodge,what is the first step that children go through in processing information about their social world?

A)selecting an optimal response
B)decoding social cues
C)enacting a chosen response
D)interpreting the results of a social interaction

Question 63

When compared with those who did the bullying,children who said they were bullied were more likely to

A)smoke and drink alcohol.
B)display highly prosocial behaviors.
C)display anxiety and socially withdrawn behavior.
D)have a history of being bullies themselves earlier.

Question 64

The Urban Prep Academy for Young Men was established to provide single-sex education for African American males.What percentage of its first graduates enrolled in college?

A)10 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)100 percent

Question 65

________ children engage in low rates of interaction with their peers and are often described as shy by peers.

A)Rejected
B)Unpopular
C)Neglected
D)Maladjusted

Question 66

________ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

A)Rejected
B)Unpopular
C)Neglected
D)Maladjusted

Question 67

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

A)by teaching the children to more accurately assess when the intentions of their peers are negative
B)by developing the children's ability to interact appropriately with adults
C)by formulating strategies for changing the social settings in which the children participate
D)by developing self-preservation skills so that the children will not be so hurt by neglect

Question 68

Which child is MOST at risk for being a victim of bullying?

A)Marsha,an attractive female on the track team
B)Alice,an overweight female who angers easily
C)Chad,an athletic male who plays football
D)Ben,an intelligent male with a large group of friends

Question 69

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to bullying?

A)Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
B)Younger middle school students are least likely to be affected by bullying.
C)Incidents of bullying are unaffected by social context,as there are no witnesses to acts of bullying in most cases.
D)Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls.

Question 70

Bullies are MOST likely to be

A)children who have high grades.
B)prosocial children.
C)anxious and socially withdrawn children.
D)children who smoke and drink alcohol.

Question 71

Paulo is outgoing and self-confident.He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time. Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems.He is likely to be

A)popular with his peers.
B)rejected by most of his peers.
C)neglected in his peer interactions.
D)the target of rejection from his peers.

Question 72

Elana is a married woman in a Middle Eastern country.Compared with married women in Western countries,Elana is more likely to be a

A)lawyer.
B)housewife.
C)doctor.
D)teacher.

Question 73

Susan Jones,a group counselor,came to Amelie's class and gave the students a questionnaire for which students had to fill in the names of classmates,one whom they liked the most,one whom they disliked the most,and one whom they considered to be a best friend.Susan cumulated all the results to give a score for each child.From the scenario,we can infer that

A)Susan's assessment was designed primarily to reveal the androgynous characteristics of the students.
B)Susan was using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for the purpose of her study.
C)Susan evaluated each student's sociometric status in her study.
D)Susan was studying the cognitive and intellectual capacities of each child.

Question 74

Which of the following groups of children is MOST likely to develop and sustain conduct problems?

A)neglected children
B)popular children
C)controversial children
D)rejected children

Question 75

Neglected children are

A)infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B)frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.
C)frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
D)infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Question 76

Rejected children are

A)infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B)frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.
C)frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
D)infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Question 77

________ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

A)Controversial
B)Average
C)Neglected
D)Rejected

Question 78

In middle and late childhood,control of children is characterized by a(n)

A)increase in physical punishment.
B)increase in time spent under parental supervision.
C)increase in coregulation of the child's activities.
D)major shift in autonomy from parent to child.

Question 79

Researchers investigating the benefits of single-sex education have found

A)that boys are now doing better academically than girls in both math and language arts when they belong to a single-sex institution.
B)that in an all-girl classroom,teachers have trouble keeping the girls focused.
C)no significant benefits for low-income children of color who participated in single-sex education.
D)improved cooperation between boys and girls once they were allowed to work together.

Question 80

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to stepfamilies?

A)Infants and preschoolers are the largest group of children growing up in stepfamilies.
B)A vast majority of stepfamilies succeed in providing a stable family environment.
C)Three common types of stepfamily structure are (1)stepfather,(2)stepmother,and (3)blended or complex.
D)The largest number of stepfamilies are preceded by the death of a spouse rather than differences between partners leading to a divorce.