Deck 10: Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization Theory

Question 1

According to Rogers's beliefs,which of the following is motivated by the actualization tendency in people?

A) The personality shift from extraversion to introversion
B) The suppression of the dark side of the personality
C) The development of physiological functioning
D) The expression of both the anima and the animus archetype

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Rogers's personality theory is rooted in:

A) Freud's theories.
B) Jung's theories.
C) experimental psychology.
D) humanistic psychology.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Rogers's work in the field of psychology was influenced by his _____ in early childhood.

A) desire to improve his self-concept
B) popularity in school
C) solitude and an insignificant social life
D) belief that his parents favored him over his siblings

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Rogers,which of the following is part of the actualization tendency of people?

A) Physiological needs
B) Psychological needs
C) Process of maturation
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

According to the organismic valuing process,experiences that we perceive as promoting _____ are evaluated as good and desirable.

A) diligence
B) perseverance
C) self-preservation
D) actualization

Question 6

Which of the following was the first endeavor of Carl Rogers in the field of psychology after he received his Ph.D.in 1931?

A) Diagnosing and treating delinquent and underprivileged children
B) Conducting experiments with higher primates
C) Assessing the functioning of the psyche and the supernatural
D) Running statistical analyses of opinion surveys

Question 7

During his trip to China,Rogers came to recognize the importance of _____ as a factor in his own development.

A) an autonomous self
B) his educational background
C) the id,ego,and superego
D) his fundamentalist upbringing

Question 8

Person-centered therapy,a popular approach to psychotherapy originated by Carl Rogers,was initially known as:

A) counselor-centered therapy.
B) non-directive therapy.
C) conditional therapy.
D) functional therapy.

Question 9

According to Rogers,the way one sees the environment is:

A) highly objective.
B) objective in childhood but not in adulthood.
C) dependent on one's perception of it.
D) dependent on one's unconscious.

Question 10

William Kell,one of Rogers's students,conducted a research to predict the behavior of delinquent children and found that:

A) family environment was the best predictor of later behavior.
B) self-insight was the best predictor of later behavior.
C) genetic factors were more influential than environmental factors.
D) it is impossible to predict later behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following theories of Rogers was proven to be incorrect by his pupil William Kell?

A) External factors correlate most strongly with delinquent behavior.
B) A person's level of social interactions is the single most important predictor of later behavior.
C) The right way to treat delinquent children and adolescents is to remove them from a threatening home situation and place them in foster care.
D) The factor of self-insight correlates most strongly with delinquent behavior.

Question 12

Rogers's childhood experiences involved:

A) suppression of all displays of emotion.
B) sexual conflicts.
C) living by his own values at an early age.
D) a hatred toward his father.

Question 13

According to Rogers,through the process of organismic valuing,people:

A) accept themselves and others for what they are.
B) evaluate all life experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering their actualization and growth.
C) establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people.
D) learn to perceive reality efficiently and tolerate uncertainty.

Question 14

Rogers's clinical experience while teaching at the University of Wisconsin was mostly with:

A) disturbed children in a local orphanage.
B) young,intelligent,highly verbal college students.
C) deeply disturbed psychotics at a state institution.
D) wealthy businessmen who were highly stressed.

Question 15

Rogers believed that the tendency to actualize is:

A) learned.
B) present in only a few exceptional individuals.
C) innate.
D) dormant until adolescence.

Question 16

Rogers believed that people are rational beings ruled by:

A) their past events.
B) a conscious perception of themselves and their experiential world.
C) an unconscious psychic energy that can be channeled externally,toward the outside world,or internally,toward the self.
D) physiological factors.

Question 17

The approach to psychotherapy used by Carl Rogers came to be known as person-centered therapy because:

A) therapists mostly spend time listening to patients talk about their lives in this approach.
B) it frequently involves looking at a person's early childhood experiences in order to discover how these events might have shaped the person.
C) it is the person himself and not the therapist who directs the change and improvement in personality.
D) the therapist persuades a person to change his or her thought patterns through multiple sessions in this approach.

Question 18

According to Rogers,counselors and social workers were emphasizing the wrong things in trying to treat delinquent children and adolescents.He believed that they should:

A) try to alter the threatening home situation.
B) place the children in foster care.
C) try to modify the children's self-insight.
D) focus on external factors such as the socioeconomic background.

Question 19

According to Rogers,the ultimate goal in life is:

A) to become a fully functioning person by actualizing the self.
B) to be able to successfully distinguish between the self and others.
C) to be able to shift interest from the physical and material to the spiritual,philosophical,and intuitive.
D) to achieve life's goals and establish a secure,successful place in the world.

Question 20

Rogers's personality was greatly shaped by his childhood experience of:

A) being greatly influenced by his parents' liberal religious views.
B) living by his parents' view of the world rather than his own.
C) relishing a position of power as an only child in the family.
D) being surrounded by friends at school and play.

Question 21

According to Rogers's theory,conditions of worth evolve from:

A) internalizing parents' norms and standards.
B) rebelling against parents' demands.
C) overcoming instincts.
D) enhancing positive regard leading to positive self-regard.

Question 22

Rogers believed that a fully functioning person:

A) represses negative feelings.
B) develops defenses against threats to the self.
C) relies on stereotypes to judge people.
D) is open to all experiences and feelings.

Question 23

According to Rogers,although the actualization tendency of human beings is innate,the actualizing process itself is influenced more by _____ forces than by _____ forces.

A) environmental; physiological
B) physiological; environmental
C) biological; social
D) social; biological

Question 24

According to Carl Rogers,which of the following characteristics are present in a fully functioning person?

A) Awareness of all experiences
B) Freedom of choice,without inhibitions
C) Creativity and spontaneity
D) All of these are correct.

Question 25

The discrepancy between a person's self-concept and aspects of his or her experience is called _____.

A) induction
B) indifference
C) inhibition
D) incongruence

Question 26

A study of adolescents,conducted by Assor & Tai,2012,found that when their mothers used conditional positive self-regard to reward them for academic achievement,and punish them for non-achievement,_____.

A) they functioned freely
B) they did not evaluate their behaviors and attitudes carefully
C) their development was encouraged by fully actualizing the self
D) their feelings of self-worth became erratic

Question 27

According to Rogers,all of the following are characteristics of fully functioning persons except:

A) awareness of all experiences.
B) trust in their own organism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) a sense of freedom.

Question 28

The _____,in Rogers's view,is the process by which we judge experiences in terms of their merit for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth.

A) actualization tendency
B) contestation-focused process
C) organismic valuing process
D) social learning process

Question 29

In Rogers's person-centered therapy,the therapist offers the client:

A) positive regard.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) positive self-regard.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 30

An idea in Rogers's theory similar to Freud's superego is:

A) self-concept.
B) conditions of worth.
C) incongruence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 31

In which of the following cases is approval granted regardless of a person's behavior?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Positive regard
C) Positive self-regard
D) Conditional positive regard

Question 32

To characterize a person who is fully functioning,Rogers used the term _____,not _____,which implies that self-development is always in progress.

A) mechanical; spontaneous
B) enlightened; enlightening
C) incongruent; congruent
D) actualizing; actualized

Question 33

According to Rogers,in which of the following cases will infants cease to strive for actualization and development?

A) When parents disapprove of their new behavior
B) When they acquire the ability to confront their unconscious
C) When parents accept their undesirable behaviors
D) When they acquire the ability to harmonize each aspect of the personality with all other aspects

Question 34

The warning "Of course,Mommy loves you...when you're good!" is an example of:

A) self-actualization.
B) self-esteem need.
C) conditional positive regard.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 35

In Rogers's view of human nature,_____.

A) childhood experiences are more important than experiences later in life
B) biological forces are more important than social forces
C) the ultimate goal is the reduction of tension
D) no aspect of personality is predetermined

Question 36

In the context of the actualization tendency,Rogers stated that our _____ become the only basis for our judgments and behaviors as we mature.

A) psychological needs
B) physiological needs
C) experiences
D) biological instincts

Question 37

In which of the following cases is approval,love,or acceptance granted only when a person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes?

A) Conditional positive regard
B) Unconditional positive regard
C) Positive self-regard
D) Positive regard

Question 38

Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent to which our:

A) self-concept is congruent with our experiences.
B) instincts are repressed.
C) anxiety is defended.
D) ideas accurately predict future events.

Question 39

What was Rogers view about the self?

A) The self is our image of what we are and what we should be.
B) The self is a consistent pattern.
C) The self is an organized whole.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 40

Rogers believed that once infants develop conditions of worth,they:

A) learn that parental affection has a price.
B) are prevented from fully actualizing the self.
C) start ignoring the attitudes of other people.
D) develop external standards of judgment.

Question 41

In Rogers's approach to therapy,the therapist provides:

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) good advice.
C) conditions of worth.
D) judgments about behavior.

Question 42

The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is:

A) that a fully-functioning person is perfect.
B) that all people have some kind of abnormality.
C) what the therapist finds in a client's complete assessment.
D) the client's inherent value and worth.

Question 43

Self-reports from children whose parents used conditional regard showed that the children had:

A) confidence that their parents approved of them.
B) defensive skills to become more independent as adults.
C) poor coping skills and fluctuating levels of self-esteem.
D) a warm emotional relationship with others.

Question 44

Which of the following is a true statement about Rogers's view of human nature?

A) We seek challenge instead of the security of the familiar.
B) We are doomed to conflict with our selves and with society.
C) We are controlled by the events of the first 5 years of life.
D) We experience our world defensively.

Question 45

Rogers said it is difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely,because

A) no form of therapy is infallible.
B) communication is never perfect.
C) non-conscious experiences are inaccessible.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 46

The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories that range from most descriptive to least descriptive is called the _____ technique.

A) self-sorting
B) Q-sort
C) rating scale
D) content categorization

Question 47

The Experiencing Scale,which is based on Rogers's work,attempts to assess one's _____.

A) receptivity to experience
B) positive regard
C) level of self-trust
D) conditions of worth

Question 48

In Rogers's person-centered therapy,the responsibility for changing behavior and reevaluating relationships falls on the _____.

A) client
B) therapist
C) circumstances
D) society

Question 49

According to recent researches,which of the following characteristics of therapists,as perceived by the clients,is more likely to be successful in a person-centered therapy?

A) Empathetic and understanding
B) Demonstration of unconditional positive regard for clients
C) Demonstration of congruence in the therapeutic relationship
D) All of these are correct.

Question 50

Identify the radical procedure introduced by Rogers in his therapy sessions in an attempt to enable researchers to study the client-therapist interaction?

A) Analyzing correlations between the observational data and subjective ratings of the participants
B) Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another
C) Recording and filming sessions
D) Analysis of id,ego,and superego

Question 51

According to a study conducted by Baldwin in 1949,children whose parents accepted them unconditionally and displayed democratic child-rearing practices:

A) obtained low scores on the Q-sort.
B) displayed an authoritarian manner as parents later in their lives.
C) were likely to become conditional themselves as parents.
D) were found to have higher self-esteem and greater emotional security.

Question 52

Identify the technique used by Rogers to determine how closely a client's self-image or perceived self corresponded to the ideal self.

A) Q-sort technique
B) Rorschach Inkblot Test
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 53

Rogers believed that childhood experiences:

A) are unimportant in determining personality.
B) determine the personality by age five.
C) are more important in personality development than are experiences later in life.
D) have less impact on personality development than do experiences later in life.

Question 54

Rogers and his associates used qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze the therapy sessions and to study how the _____ changes during a course of therapy.

A) unconscious motivation
B) psychological need
C) self-concept
D) conditional positive regard

Question 55

Identify the assessment technique used by Carl Rogers.

A) Person-centered therapy
B) Free association tests
C) Dream analysis
D) Case history analysis

Question 56

Rogers's technique of psychotherapy is called:

A) person-centered therapy.
B) actualization therapy.
C) regard analysis.
D) conditional worth analysis.

Question 57

Rogers believed that failure to realize our innate _____ can lead to maladjustment.

A) self-confidence
B) primary process thought
C) aggressive drive
D) actualization tendency

Question 58

Rogers developed a group therapy technique in which people learn about their feelings and about how they relate to one another.He called this approach the _____.

A) support group
B) emergent group
C) encounter group
D) social group

Question 59

The reason why Rogers opposed assessment methods such as free association and case histories is because he believed that:

A) they made clients assume an aura of expertise and authority.
B) they added personal responsibility to the clients.
C) they made clients dependent on the therapist.
D) the clients were not convinced that the therapist could solve all their problems.

Question 60

Rogers believed that personality should be assessed through:

A) dream analysis.
B) a person's subjective experiences.
C) the study of the unconscious.
D) psychological tests.

Question 61

Rogers used psychological tests to assess his clients' personalities.

Question 62

Rogers opposed assessment techniques such as free association,dream analysis,and case histories.

Question 63

In Rogers's therapy,clients are judged based on their bad choices and are forced to admit their guilt.

Question 64

Describe how Rogers's philosophy of life developed during his trip to China.

Question 65

One of the criticisms of Rogers's work was that:

A) training in his methods required a medical degree and a lengthy period of specialization.
B) he ignored those factors of which the clients were not consciously aware but which could influence behavior.
C) he did not verify the accuracy of his reports.
D) his data did not rely on objective observation and were not gathered in a controlled and systematic fashion.

Question 66

Researchers have concluded that the greater the incongruence between perceived self and ideal self,the higher the anxiety,insecurity,self-doubt,depression,social incompetence,and other psychological disorders.

Question 67

The Q sort is a way of empirically defining a client's self-image.

Question 68

Rogers described fully functioning persons as happy,blissful,or contented at all times.

Question 69

Rogers developed a group technique in which people could learn more about themselves and how they related to one another.This was called family systems therapy.

Question 70

Rogers believed that person-centered interviews,which rely on clients' self-reports,were of greater value than experimental methods.

Question 71

Using the technique of guided imagery,Rogers explored a client's feelings and attitudes toward the self and toward other people.

Question 72

Rogers's personality theory has received wide recognition,particularly for its emphasis on _____.

A) childhood experiences
B) libido
C) the self-concept
D) the supernatural

Question 73

In the business world,Rogers's psychotherapy:

A) received criticism particularly for its emphasis on the self-concept.
B) was of less use than the traditional means of therapy.
C) has been used as a training method for managers.
D) is less influential than his personality theory.

Question 74

Identify an application of Rogers's psychotherapy.

A) Enhancing the self-image
B) Dethroning the persona
C) Recognizing the anima archetype
D) All of these are correct.

Question 75

Positive self-regard evolves from a developmental sequence of conditions of worth.

Question 76

Rogers defined positive self-regard as a condition where positive regard comes more from within ourselves than from other people.

Question 77

Rogers believed that the experiences that are incongruent or incompatible with our self-concept become threatening and are manifested as anxiety.

Question 78

In Rogers's view,an individual cannot be a fully functioning human being as long as he or she is guided heavily by the opinions of others.

Question 79

Rogers's person-centered psychotherapy was deprecated in the United States at the end of World War II due to the unfavorable social circumstances and its need for a medical degree and a lengthy period of specialization.

Question 80

Studies have suggested that positive self-regard may not be as prevalent in collectivist cultures,such as in Japan,as it is in the United States.