Deck 15: Juvenile Justice: Philosophy, Law, and Practices

Question 1

Which act prevented the placement of any juveniles in any institutions where they would have regular contact with adults convicted of criminal charges?

A) Human Rights Act of 1998
B) Civil Rights Act of 1957
C) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
D) Juvenile Justice Act of 2000

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following was a provision of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974?

A) It required juvenile detention centers to provide educational programs.
B) It authorized housing juveniles in secure detention and correctional facilities.
C) It prohibited housing juveniles in institutions with convicted adult offenders.
D) It established the code of status offenses.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When the state acts in place of the parent, it is said to be acting ______.

A) via de la rosa
B) guardian ad litem
C) in lieu patriae
D) in loco parentis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What was the main impetus for establishing separate correctional facilities for juvenile offenders?

A) Adult prisons were overcrowded.
B) The adult system was overwhelmed with cases.
C) Juveniles were committing more serious crimes.
D) Juries did not want to see children incarcerated with adults.

Question 5

Children from which of the following backgrounds are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior?

A) affluent
B) poor
C) middle class
D) uneducated

Question 6

Actions considered criminal when committed by a juvenile are known as ______.

A) status offenses
B) delinquent offenses
C) dysfunctional offenses
D) petty offenses

Question 7

Where was the first house of refuge located?

A) New York
B) Chicago
C) Los Angeles
D) Tennessee

Question 8

What is another term for the premise that a defendant is assumed to be innocent until guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt?

A) presumption of innocence
B) in loco parentis
C) beyond a preponderance of a doubt
D) double jeopardy

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A) prostitution
B) running away
C) shoplifting
D) assault

Question 10

Facilities in which children worked an 8-hr day at various trades while attending at least 4 hours of school were known as ______.

A) reformatories
B) houses of refuge
C) jails
D) detention centers

Question 11

Which factor is considered one of the most critical influences on juvenile development?

A) self-control
B) socioeconomic status
C) academic achievement
D) family background

Question 12

In which state was the first juvenile court established?

A) Illinois
B) Indiana
C) Iowa
D) New York

Question 13

Emily was detained by the police when she failed to attend school for the last several days in favor of smoking in the park. She has engaged in what type of offense?

A) juvenile crime
B) status offense
C) delinquent waiver
D) bill of attainder

Question 14

What type of facilities were designed to segregate youthful offenders from adult criminals, remove them from adverse home environments until they were reformed, and help youth avoid idleness?

A) reformatories
B) houses of refuge
C) jails
D) detention centers

Question 15

Which individual has committed a status offense?

A) Mary, a teenager, is caught drinking alcohol.
B) Navid, a 14-year-old, is caught plagiarizing a paper.
C) Jones, a middle-aged man, is caught stealing lumber from the construction jobsite where he works.
D) Marty, a 17-year-old, is arrested for sexual assault.

Question 16

Which of the following was one of the provisions of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act?

A) It adhered to a rigid, formalized structure for court proceedings.
B) It held open court proceedings and records for cases involving juveniles.
C) It defined a rehabilitative rather than punitive purpose for the juvenile court.
D) It created a special court for children under age 12.

Question 17

What year was the first Juvenile Court Act was established?

A) 1923
B) 1899
C) 1823
D) 1963

Question 18

Although punishment is typically the goal in the adult criminal justice system, what is the goal in the juvenile justice system?

A) rehabilitation
B) restitution
C) deterrence
D) retribution

Question 19

Which statement is true about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act?

A) It required that juveniles be kept with adults in the same institution.
B) It created a special court for neglected, dependent, or delinquent children under age 16.
C) It defined the purpose of the court to be deterrence rather than rehabilitation.
D) It allowed juveniles to be executed for crimes committed before they turn 14 years old.

Question 20

The sentiment that the state is the ultimate parent of a child and has the authority to step in when a biological parent is unwilling or unable to sufficiently care for the child is known as ______.

A) guardianship
B) habeas corpus
C) parens patriae
D) fostering

Question 21

At the detention hearing, the ______ reviews the case and determines if continued detention is necessary.

A) prosecutor
B) defense attorney
C) judge
D) probation officer

Question 22

Which feature of the juvenile justice system is intended to minimizes stigma and labeling?

A) youth confidentiality
B) separation from adults
C) community-based corrections
D) individualized justice

Question 23

According to the Uniform Crime Reports, juveniles commit about ______ of all violent crime.

A) 5%
B) 11%
C) 24%
D) 55%

Question 24

Who has the burden of showing that intervention is necessary for the protection of either the minor or society?

A) arresting police officer
B) judge
C) prosecutor
D) clerk of the court

Question 25

Juvenile crime rates have ______ since the mid-1990s.

A) decreased
B) increased
C) stayed the same
D) fluctuated

Question 26

In which of the following situations would the doctrine of in loco parentis take hold?

A) When parents adequately take care of their children.
B) When a juvenile is neglected or abused by their parents.
C) When a juvenile is apprehended while committing a status offense.
D) When a juvenile commits a crime.

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of cases referred to the juvenile court are handled informally?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 60%

Question 28

What juvenile justice goal advocates that if possible, the youth should be placed in their community?

A) youth confidentiality
B) separation from adults
C) community-based corrections
D) individualized justice

Question 29

Roberto is Michelle's guardian ad litem. She was arrested for shoplifting. After meeting with Michelle and her family, Roberto recommends to the judge that she perform community service and participate in a program meant to deter shoplifting. At what point in the juvenile justice process is Michelle?

A) detention hearing
B) deposition hearing
C) residential placement
D) decision hearing

Question 30

At the point of arrest, who makes the decision on whether to send the matter to the juvenile justice system or to divert the case into an alternative program?

A) police officer
B) prosecutor
C) defense attorney
D) judge

Question 31

While the adult system pronounces a sentence on an offender, what is the terminology used for the same process in the juvenile court?

A) petition
B) verdict
C) disposition
D) adjustment

Question 32

The process of trying juveniles as adults is known as ______.

A) certification
B) remanding
C) excluding
D) sequestration

Question 33

Sixteen-year-old Charlie was adjudicated delinquent for a threatening offense and was committed to the juvenile department of corrections. What happens once he is released?

A) He will be ordered to a period of aftercare monitoring.
B) He will be released to probation supervision.
C) He will be moved to a halfway house.
D) He will be released from custody with no further court involvement.

Question 34

______ is one of the most potent influences on juvenile development.

A) Family dysfunction
B) Educational success
C) Peer influence
D) Employment status

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the underlying principles of the juvenile courts?

A) the presumption of the best interest of the minor
B) the presumption of delinquency
C) the presumption of consistent contact with the system
D) the presumption the state needs to take a role in the life of the child

Question 36

Which situation would diminish the idealistic contrast between juvenile and adult court process?

A) When a child is physically abused or neglected.
B) When a child is sexually abused or neglected.
C) When a child commits a heinous crime.
D) When a child requests that parental ties be severed.

Question 37

Who makes the determination if there is sufficient evidence to prove the allegation against the juvenile?

A) parents
B) judge
C) law enforcement
D) intake officer

Question 38

What is the primary basis of the contrast between the juvenile and adult criminal justice process?

A) the state
B) federal legislation
C) terminology
D) the verdict

Question 39

What is considered the MOST important goal of the juvenile justice system?

A) informal outcomes
B) restorative justice
C) separation from adult offenders
D) confidentiality

Question 40

At the ______ hearing, recommendations for the final outcome (sentence) are presented to the judge.

A) disposition
B) arraignment
C) adjudication
D) initial

Question 41

Imagine you are a policy-maker in a metropolitan area. You want to develop an evidence-based policy to target gang activity in your city. Which of the following policies would you adopt first?

A) focusing primarily on increasing punishments for first-time gang-related offenses as well as hard-core gang members
B) funding for increased patrolling gang neighborhoods and arresting any individuals who are suspected of gang involvement
C) focus primarily on funding for arresting hard-core gang members and police weaponry
D) a multi-faceted approach that provides vocational training, parental training, and training for police to better understand the communities they serve

Question 42

Some authors believe there is a(n) ______ pipeline.

A) arrest-to-prison
B) birth-to-prison
C) school-to-prison
D) job-to-prison

Question 43

James was suspended from school for a week and was left unsupervised at home. Over the course of the week, James reconnected with several deviant friends that are in a local gang. He ended up joining the gang and engaging in petty crimes. What concept does this example illustrate?

A) labeling
B) parens patriae
C) the school-to-prison pipeline
D) in loco parentis

Question 44

What concept describes the concern that a juvenile will never be redeemed in the eyes of the community?

A) labeling
B) parens patriae
C) the school-to-prison pipeline
D) in loco parentis

Question 45

Sixty days after being sentenced to a secure facility, Robert is brought before the judge again in 60 days and placed on probation. What is the purpose of this tactic?

A) to avoid labeling Robert with a criminal label
B) to ensure Robert can return to school
C) to surprise Robert with "shock probation," which is intended to shock him into good behavior after getting a small taste of institutionalization
D) to ensure Robert understands the reason he was punished

Question 46

Studies suggest that 2/3 of adult offenders will be re-arrested within 3 years of being released from prison. Compared to adult offenders, do we know about how many juvenile offenders will be rearrested within a few years of their release from detention?

A) Juvenile offenders and adult offenders are approximately equally likely to be rearrested.
B) Juvenile offenders are significantly more likely to be rearrested.
C) Juvenile offenders are slightly less likely to be rearrested.
D) Juvenile offenders are significantly less likely to be rearrested.

Question 47

A recent study found that gangs were active in less than 30% of cities and counties surveyed, which suggests that gang activity has declined. What is most responsible for the recent decline?

A) decline of gangs in large, metropolitan cities
B) gang culture has become less culturally acceptable
C) decline of gangs in smaller cities
D) decline of gangs in rural areas

Question 48

Disintegrative shaming and reintegrataive shaming are associated with which problem of juvenile justice?

A) the school to prison pipeline
B) status offending
C) parens patriae
D) labeling

Question 49

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court clarify a juvenile's right to counsel?

A) J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)
B) Miller v. Alabama (2012)
C) Kent v. United States (1966)
D) In re Winship (1970)

Question 50

Molly was arrested 20 hours ago. She is brought before a judge for a hearing. Which hearing is Molly experiencing?

A) initial hearing
B) sentencing hearing
C) disposition hearing
D) detention hearing

Question 51

The notion that students who are expelled from school for disruptive behavior are then consigned to the homes and neighborhoods of negative influences where their problems began, causing them to become stigmatized, more hardened and embittered, and often more engaged in criminality is called ______.

A) mass incarceration
B) the school-to-prison pipeline
C) educational apathy
D) the Hawthorne effect

Question 52

Examples of ______ confinement facilities include halfway houses, shelter care facilities, and group homes.

A) nonsecure
B) secure
C) intermediate
D) temporary

Question 53

Who is usually responsible for the court intake function for juvenile offenders?

A) judge
B) defense attorney
C) juvenile probation department
D) police officer

Question 54

Recent findings suggest that most youth who join a gang remain active for how many years?

A) a lifetime
B) 10 years
C) 5 years
D) 1-2 years

Question 55

Which of the following individuals would be more typical of those represented among gang membership?

A) James, 24 years old
B) Mack, 10 years old
C) Gordan, 13 years old
D) Michael, 14 years old

Question 56

The number of gangs in the United States has increased by ______ since 2010.

A) 5%
B) 8%
C) 10%
D) 11%

Question 57

What occurs at a detention hearing?

A) The judge reviews the case and determines if the delinquent should be detained or released.
B) The judge decides the merits of the case and reaches a decision.
C) The judge receives dispositional recommendations.
D) The judge determines whether detention of the delinquent was constitutional.

Question 58

Which of the following can be described as an attempt to reconnect the stigmatized person to the larger society?

A) reintegrative shaming
B) disintegrative shaming
C) restorative shaming
D) retributive shaming

Question 59

Which of the following terms is synonymous with "shock probation"?

A) boot camps
B) halfway houses
C) parole
D) foster care

Question 60

Why is it difficult to arrive at a common definition of a youth gang?

A) Most of their activity is illegal.
B) Members are frequently minors.
C) State and local jurisdictions often devise their own definitions.
D) Gangs are becoming more and more rare.

Question 61

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that police cannot avoid reading a youth his or her Miranda warnings simply by questioning the child at school, away from the child's parents?

A) J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)
B) Breed v. Jones (1975)
C) Miller v. Alabama (2012)
D) Kent v. United States (1966)

Question 62

Research suggests that the school-to-prison pipeline is heavily influenced by racial discrimination.

Question 63

Juvenile aftercare is the process of monitoring juvenile offenders after they complete an outpatient substance abuse treatment program.

Question 64

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court find that juveniles do not have an absolute right to a trial by jury?

A) J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)
B) Breed v. Jones (1975)
C) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
D) Kent v. United States (1966)

Question 65

The concept of parens patriae allows the state to act in place of parents who are not sure how to handle the delinquent behavior of their children.

Question 66

In J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011), what did the Supreme Court rule for the first time?

A) Juveniles do not have rights to a Miranda warning.
B) When being questioned in school, juveniles are not legally considered to be in custody and do not require a Miranda warning.
C) Age must be considered when determining whether or not a suspect is aware of their rights.
D) Parents must always be present before a juvenile is questioned.

Question 67

The presumption of innocence is the hallmark not only of the adult system but of the juvenile justice system as well.

Question 68

Family dysfunction, substance abuse, and poor academic performance are all considered correlates to juvenile delinquency.

Question 69

The primary sanction utilized by the juvenile justice system is probation supervision.

Question 70

What is the burden-of-proof standard for juvenile court system cases?

A) preponderance of the evidence
B) beyond a reasonable doubt
C) reasonable suspicion
D) probable cause

Question 71

Persons in need of supervision (PINS) would include runaways, truants, and other status offenders.

Question 72

In 2003, 14-year-old Evan Miller beat his neighbor to death and burned down his trailer. Miller was convicted in 2006 and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole (LWOP), which is the mandatory sentence for "murder in the course of arson." The Supreme Court found in the case bearing his name, Miller v. Alabama, that mandatory life sentences for juveniles were unconstitutional, although the court did not ban them outright. The court had already ruled against life sentences for juveniles in 2010. Why didn't this finding apply to the Miller case?

A) The 2010 finding was not applied retroactively, so it would not have impacted Miller because he was convicted in 2006.
B) The 2010 ruling rejected life sentences for nonhomicidal offenses.
C) The 2010 ruling was not applicable to Alabama.
D) The 2010 ruling was only applicable for juveniles that were not tried as adults.

Question 73

What has been the U.S. Supreme Court's rationale in prohibiting the imposition of mandatory life sentences without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders?

A) The sentence is cruel and unusual in that it separates the child from his family forever.
B) The sentence does not take into account biological harm already done to the juvenile.
C) The sentence is cruel and unusual in that no other country treats youthful offenders in such a harsh manner.
D) The sentence doesn't take into account that criminal tendencies may be outgrown.

Question 74

In Kent v. United States (1966), the Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a juvenile because his rights to due process were violated. What is another important decision in this case?

A) Courts must provide reasons for why they transferred a juvenile to adult criminal court.
B) Juveniles have a right that protects against self-incrimination.
C) Juveniles are protected against double jeopardy.
D) Juveniles cannot be executed.

Question 75

Between 2010 and 2012, there were many important Supreme Court decisions regarding the legal rights of juveniles. During what other time period did the Supreme Court make a majority of the important decisions regarding juveniles' legal rights?

A) 1920-1930
B) 1940-1950
C) 1950-1960
D) 1960-1970

Question 76

Less than one third of cases referred to the juvenile court are handled informally, with dispositions of probation, counseling, or restitution.

Question 77

What was the key effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision In Re Gault?

A) It prohibited the imposition of a life sentence without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.
B) It extended the absolute right to a trial by jury to juvenile offenders.
C) It extended the right to counsel to juvenile offenders.
D) It extended basic due process protections to juvenile offenders.

Question 78

The first houses of refuge were commissioned by the U.S. government to alleviate overcrowding in adult prisons.

Question 79

According to the Supreme Court, who has the discretion to determine whether or not a juvenile receives a trial by jury?

A) the district attorney
B) the federal government
C) the presiding judge
D) state and local authorities

Question 80

The primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to operate in the best interests of preserving public safety.