Deck 28: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Question 1

Although the heart is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system,neural impulses are not needed to maintain the cardiac cycle.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Blood within the atria and ventricles does not supply oxygen to the cells of the heart.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The aortic valve obstructs coronary blood flow by pushing against the openings of the coronary arteries during systole.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is a function of the papillary muscles?

A) They close the semilunar valves.
B) They prevent backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves.
C) They close the atrioventricular valves.
D) They open the semilunar valves.

Question 5

Occlusion of the circumflex artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to which part of the heart?

A) To portions of the left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum
B) To the posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches of both ventricles
C) To the upper right ventricle,right marginal branch,and right ventricle to the apex
D) To the left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle

Question 6

During the cardiac cycle,what makes the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the ventricles contract?

A) The papillary muscles relax,which allows the valves to close.
B) Chordae tendineae contract,which pulls the valves closed.
C) Reduced pressure in the ventricles creates a negative pressure,which pulls the valves closed.
D) Blood fills the cusps of the valves and causes the edges to merge,closing the valves.

Question 7

When the myocardium hypertrophies,the capillaries of the heart become more extensive and numerous.

Question 8

What is the significance of the "atrial kick"?

A) It is the contraction of the right atria that is necessary to open the tricuspid valve.
B) It is the contraction of the right atria that is necessary to increase the blood volume from the venae cavae.
C) It is the contraction of the left atria that increases the blood volume into the ventricle.
D) It is the contraction of the left atria that is necessary to open the mitral valve.

Question 9

Which chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressures?

A) Right atrium
B) Left atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle

Question 10

Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why?

A) The right and left atria because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.
B) The right and left atria because they are not involved directly in the preload,contractility,or afterload of the heart.
C) The left ventricle because the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung,which has a low pressure.
D) The right ventricle because it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries,which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation.

Question 11

Oxygenated blood flows through the:

A) superior vena cavA.
B) pulmonary veins.
C) pulmonary artery.
D) coronary veins.

Question 12

During the cardiac cycle,what makes the mitral and tricuspid valves close after the ventricles are filled with blood?

A) The chordae tendineae relax,which allows the valves to close.
B) The increased pressure in the ventricles pushes the values to close.
C) The trabeculae carneae contract,which pulls the valves closed.
D) The reduced pressure in the atria creates a negative pressure that pulls the valves closed.

Question 13

The arteries in the peripheral vasculature have less ability to stretch and recoil than the arteries of the great vessels.

Question 14

Veins are less compliant than arteries.

Question 15

To produce an action potential,the sinoatrial node must be stimulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 16

Which statement about the pericardium is false?

A) It is a double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
B) It is composed of connective tissue and a layer of squamous cells.
C) It protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space.
D) It contains pain and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate.

Question 17

Autoregulation ensures constant coronary blood flow despite normal shifts in perfusion pressure.

Question 18

While both produce vasoconstriction,the effects of norepinephrine are quantitatively more vasoconstrictive than the effects of epinephrine.

Question 19

Metabolic or hormonal agents produce changes in the heart and circulatory system faster than autonomic neural transmission.

Question 20

Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to which part of the heart?

A) To portions of the left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum
B) To the left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle
C) To the upper right ventricle,right marginal branch,and right ventricle to the apex
D) To the posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches of both ventricles

Question 21

Which phase of the normal myocardial cell depolarization and repolarization correlates with diastole?

A) Phase 0
B) Phase 1
C) Phase 2
D) Phase 3
E) Phase 4

Question 22

Within a physiologic range,an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload)leads to a(n):

A) increased force of contraction.
B) decrease in refractory time.
C) increase in afterload.
D) increase in repolarization.

Question 23

_____ nerves can shorten the conduction time of action potential through the atrioventricular (AV)node.

A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Vagal
D) Glossopharyngeal

Question 24

What occurs during phase 1 of the normal myocardial cell depolarization and repolarization?

A) Repolarization when potassium moves out of the cells
B) Repolarization when sodium rapidly enters into cells
C) Early repolarization when sodium slowly enters cells
D) Early repolarization when calcium slowly enters cells

Question 25

Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of a:

A) decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium.
B) rapid movement of sodium into the cell.
C) rapid movement of calcium into the cell.
D) slow movement of sodium out of the cell.
E) slow movement of calcium out of the cell.

Question 26

In the normal electrocardiogram,the PR interval represents:

A) atrial depolarization.
B) ventricular depolarization.
C) atrial activation to onset of ventricular activity.
D) "electrical systole" of the ventricles.

Question 27

The _____ complex (wave)represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarization.

A) PRS
B) QRS
C) QT interval
D) P

Question 28

The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because:

A) of its superior location in the right atrium.
B) it is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization.
C) it has rich sympathetic innervation via the vagus nerve.
D) it depolarizes more rapidly than other automatic cells of the heart.

Question 29

Where are the receptors for neurotransmitters located in the heart?

A) Semilunar and atrioventricular valves
B) Endocardium and sinoatrial node
C) Myocardium and coronary vessels
D) Epicardium and atrioventricular node

Question 30

The coronary sinus empties into the:

A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) superior vena cava.
D) aorta.

Question 31

Which statement about development of collateral arteries in the heart is false?

A) The incidence of aneurysm formation after a myocardial infarction is reduced in individuals who develop significant collateral circulation.
B) The incidence of myocardial regeneration after a myocardial infarction increases in individuals who develop significant collateral circulation.
C) The risk of dysrhythmias after a myocardial infarction is reduced in individuals with well-developed collateral circulation.
D) Collateral circulation may extend the "window of time" to benefit reperfusion therapy after a myocardial infarction,resulting in greater improvement in cardiac function.

Question 32

The _____ follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated.

A) refractory period
B) hyperpolarization period
C) threshold period
D) SA period

Question 33

As stated by the Frank-Starling law,there is a direct relationship between the _____ of the blood in the heart at the end of diastole and the _____ of contraction during the next systole.

A) pressure;force
B) volume;strength
C) viscosity;force
D) viscosity;strength

Question 34

What enables electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion in myocardial cells?

A) Sarcolemma sclerotic plaques
B) Intercalated disks
C) Trabeculae carneae
D) Bachmann bundles

Question 35

Where are the coronary ostia located?

A) Left ventricle
B) Medial to the aortic valve
C) Coronary sinus
D) Aorta

Question 36

What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

A) 1:1 (1 capillary per 1 muscle cell)
B) 1:2 (1 capillary per 2 muscle cells)
C) 1:4 (1 capillary per 4 muscle cells)
D) 1:10 (1 capillary per 10 muscle cells)

Question 37

What is the function of P cells found in the sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibers?

A) They are receptors for pain stimuli,such as the pain that occurs during infarction.
B) They prolong the refractory period before the next contraction.
C) They are assumed to be the site of impulse formation.
D) They initiate repolarization of the myocardium.

Question 38

What,if any,is the effect of epinephrine on b₂-receptors of the heart?

A) None,b₁-receptors are the only b-receptors in the heart.
B) Dilate coronary arterioles
C) Increase the strength of myocardial contraction
D) Increase the heart rate

Question 39

Phase 0 of the normal myocardial cell depolarization and repolarization correlates with which part of the electrocardiogram (EKG)?

A) QRS complex
B) P-R interval
C) Q-T interval
D) U wave

Question 40

If the sinoatrial (SA)node fails,at what rate can the atrioventricular (AV)node polarize?

A) 60 to 70 per minute
B) 40 to 60 per minute
C) 30 to 40 per minute
D) 10 to 20 per minute

Question 41

Myogenic regulation of blood vessel diameter and subsequent blood flow through a vessel is an example of _____ of blood vessels.

A) autonomic regulation
B) somatic regulation
C) autoregulation
D) metabolic regulation

Question 42

MATCHING
Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
An early diastole peak caused by filling of the atrium from peripheral veins

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 43

In assessing for allergies before coronary angiography,the nurse will be particularly concerned if the patient he has an allergy to:

A) technetium.
B) iodine.
C) penicillin.
D) warfarin sodium (Coumadin).

Question 44

MATCHING
Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Reflects rapid flow of blood from the great veins and right atrium into the right ventricle

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 45

When the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole increases,the force of the myocardial contraction during the next systole will also increase.This is an example of which law or theory about the heart?

A) Laplace's law
B) Poiseuille's formula
C) Cross-bridge theory
D) Frank-Starling law

Question 46

Reflex control of total cardiac output and total peripheral resistance is controlled by:

A) parasympathetic stimulation of heart,arterioles,and veins.
B) sympathetic stimulation of heart,arterioles,and veins.
C) autonomic control of the heart only.
D) somatic control of the heart,arterioles,and veins.

Question 47

The resting heart in a healthy person is primarily under the control of the _____ nervous system.

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) spinal

Question 48

Where is the major cardiovascular center in the central nervous system?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Thalamus
C) Brain stem
D) Hypothalamus

Question 49

Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in the _____ before the left ventricle can eject blood.

A) superior vena cava
B) coronary sinus
C) inferior vena cava
D) pulmonary veins
E) aorta

Question 50

What is the major determinant of the resistance blood encounters as it flows through the systemic circulation?

A) The volume of blood in systemic circulation
B) The muscle layer of arteries
C) The muscle layer of arterioles
D) The force of ventricular contraction
E) The muscle layer of the metarterioles

Question 51

Which natriuretic peptide inhibits antidiuretic hormone by increasing urine sodium loss?

A) Urodilatin
B) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 52

Which statement is false about the way in which substances pass from capillaries and the interstitial fluid?

A) Substances pass through junctions between endothelial cells.
B) Substances pass through pores or oval windows.
C) Substances pass through vesicles by active transport across the endothelial cell membrane.
D) Substances pass through by osmosis across the endothelial cell membrane.

Question 53

What is the correct sequence of events that occur after the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated?

A) From the carotid artery to the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity
B) From the carotid artery to glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase sympathetic activity and decrease parasympathetic activity
C) From the carotid artery to glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity
D) From the carotid artery to glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity

Question 54

Which natriuretic peptide is proposed to be a biochemical marker to screen for left ventricular dysfunction?

A) Urodilatin
B) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 55

Continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures results in which disorder?

A) Mitral regurgitation
B) Mitral stenosis
C) Pulmonary edema
D) Jugular vein distention

Question 56

The right lymphatic duct drains into the:

A) right subclavian artery.
B) right atrium.
C) right subclavian vein.
D) superior vena cava.

Question 57

Which natriuretic peptide complements nitric oxide to mediate vasodilation?

A) Urodilatin
B) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 58

MATCHING
Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Generated by the atrial contraction

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 59

The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in the:

A) atriA.
B) aorta.
C) atrioventricular node.
D) ventricles.

Question 60

What is an expected change in the cardiovascular system that occurs with aging?

A) Arterial stiffening
B) Decreased left ventricular wall tension
C) Decreased aortic wall thickness
D) Arteriosclerosis

Question 61

MATCHING
Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
May represent bulging of the mitral valve into the left atrium during early systole

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 62

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Cross-bridge theory

A)Relationship among blood flow,pressure,and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure,internal radius,and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment,movement,and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 63

MATCHING
Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Produced because of descent of the tricuspid valve ring and by ejection of blood from both ventricles

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 64

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Bainbridge reflex

A)Relationship among blood flow,pressure,and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure,internal radius,and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment,movement,and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 65

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Frank-Starling law

A)Relationship among blood flow,pressure,and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure,internal radius,and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment,movement,and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 66

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Laplace's law

A)Relationship among blood flow,pressure,and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure,internal radius,and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment,movement,and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 67

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Poiseuille's formula

A)Relationship among blood flow,pressure,and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure,internal radius,and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment,movement,and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle