Deck 31: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Question 1

Veins of the pulmonary circulation are similar to the veins of the systemic circulation,but contain no one-way valves.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How does surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes facilitate alveolar distention and ventilation?

A) By decreasing thoracic compliance
B) By attracting water to the alveolar surface
C) By decreasing surface tension in alveoli
D) By increasing surface tension in alveoli

Answer 2

By decreasing surface tension in alveoli

Question 3

The oropharynx is considered part of a conduction airway.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Where in the lung does gas exchange occur?

A) Trachea
B) Segmental bronchi
C) Alveolocapillary membrane
D) Both B and C

Question 5

The lungs contain only superficial lymphatic capillaries.

Question 6

The bronchial circulation is part of the systemic circulation and does not participate in gas exchange.

Question 7

Which part of the brainstem provides basic automatic rhythm of respiration by sending efferent impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A) Dorsal respiratory group
B) Ventral respiratory group
C) Pneumotaxic center
D) Apneustic center

Question 8

Normal physiologic changes in the aging pulmonary system include:

A) decreased flow resistance.
B) fewer alveoli.
C) stiffening of the chest wall.
D) improved elastic recoil.

Question 9

Which datum is used to assess the adequacy of a patient's alveolar ventilation?

A) Ventilatory rate
B) Ventilatory pattern
C) Respiratory effort
D) Arterial blood gas

Question 10

Ventilation exceeds perfusion in the bases of the lungs and perfusion exceeds ventilation in the apices of the lungs.

Question 11

The movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs is called:

A) perfusion.
B) ventilation.
C) respiration.
D) diffusion.

Question 12

_____ secrete surfactant,a lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveoli.

A) Type I alveolar cells
B) Type II alveolar cells
C) Alveolar macrophages
D) All of the above

Question 13

Pressure in the pleural space is:

A) atmospheric.
B) below atmospheric.
C) above atmospheric.
D) variable.

Question 14

What permits air to pass between alveoli providing collateral ventilation and even distribution among alveoli?

A) Type I alveolar cells
B) Pores of Kohn
C) Acinus pores
D) Alveolar pores

Question 15

A male child aspirated a small piece of hot dog.On auscultation of his lungs,the nurse would most likely expect decreased or absent breath sound over his:

A) left lung.
B) right lung
C) trachea
D) carina.

Question 16

There are no lymphatic vessels associated with:

A) tracheA.
B) bronchi
C) acinus.
D) terminal bronchioles.

Question 17

The trachea bifurcates into two bronchi at the carina.

Question 18

Why is aspiration of food or drink more likely to occur in one area of the lung rather than another?

A) The right main stem bronchus receives more aspirate because it extends more vertically from the tracheA.
B) The left main stem bronchus receives more aspirate because it is larger and shorter.
C) The trachea receives more aspirate because it comes in contact with the food and drink first.
D) The carina receives more aspirate because the location of where the bronchi split into right and left.

Question 19

The peripheral chemoreceptors are not as sensitive as the central chemoreceptors.The PaO₂ must drop below 80 mm Hg before the peripheral chemoreceptors have much influence on ventilation.

Question 20

Which pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket and entraps particles toward the oropharynx where they are swallowed or expectorated?

A) Nasal hairs and turbinates
B) Alveolar macrophages
C) Cilia
D) Irritant receptors on nares

Question 21

MATCHING
Match the receptor with its action and then with its location.(Receptors may be used more than once. )
Initiates cough reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors
Action of each receptor

Question 22

What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?

A) Low alveolar PO₂
B) Hyperventilation
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Epinephrine

Question 23

MATCHING
Match the receptor with its action and then with its location.(Receptors may be used more than once. )
Monitors pH,PaCO₂,and PaO₂ in blood

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors
Action of each receptor

Question 24

If a patient develops acidosis or a fever,the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to:

A) shift to the right,causing more O₂ to be released to the cells.
B) shift to the left,allowing less O₂ to be released to the cells.
C) show no change,allowing the O₂ concentration to remain stable.

Question 25

The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via the _____ nerve.

A) vagus
B) phrenic
C) brachial
D) pectoral

Question 26

What is the relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the lungs?

A) Alveolar gas pressure exceeds arterial perfusion pressure.
B) Arterial perfusion pressure and alveolar gas pressure are less than at the apex.
C) Arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
D) Arterial perfusion pressure and alveolar gas pressure are equal.

Question 27

MATCHING
Match the receptor with its action and then with its location.(Receptors may be used more than once. )
Senses pH of cerebrospinal fluid

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors
Action of each receptor

Question 28

What change in the alveoli would cause an increase in alveolar surface tension,alveolar collapse,decreased lung expansion and increased work of breathing?

A) Decreased alveolar macrophage production
B) Increased compliance
C) Decreased surfactant production
D) Increased stimulation by peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 29

If a patient's hemoglobin concentration (Hb)is 14 g/100 ml and his arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂)is 98%,what would be his arterial oxygen content? Remember that 1.34 ml O₂ is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be transported per gram of hemoglobin.(Hint: O₂ content 1 [1.34 × Hb] SaO₂. )

A) 13.72 ml O₂ per 100 ml blood
B) 18.38 ml O₂ per 100 ml blood
C) 18.76 ml O₂ per 100 ml blood
D) 19.30 ml O₂ per 100 ml blood

Question 30

What does decreased compliance within the lung mean?

A) The diaphragm is stiff.
B) The lungs inflate easily.
C) The lungs are stiff.
D) The lungs are unable to diffuse oxygen.

Question 31

If a patient hypoventilates and retains too much carbon dioxide,which of the following receptors would be stimulated in an attempt by his body to maintain a normal homeostatic state?

A) Irritant receptors
B) Central chemoreceptors
C) Peripheral chemoreceptors
D) Stretch receptors

Question 32

MATCHING
Match the receptor with its action and then with its location.(Receptors may be used more than once. )
Herring Breuer expiratory reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors
Action of each receptor

Question 33

Approximately 1000 ml (1 L)of oxygen is transported to cells each minute.How is most of the oxygen is transported?

A) Dissolved in plasma
B) Bound to hemoglobin
C) In the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂)
D) Bound to protein

Question 34

Which endogenous substance causes bronchoconstriction?

A) Epinephrine and acetylcholine
B) Histamine and prostaglandin
C) Bradykinin and thromboxane A
D) Leukotrienes and prostacyclin

Question 35

MATCHING
Match the receptor with its action and then with its location.(Receptors may be used more than once. )
Initiates rapid,shallow breathing

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors
Action of each receptor

Question 36

How is most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A) Attached to oxygen
B) In the form of bicarbonate
C) Combined with albumin
D) Dissolved in the plasma

Question 37

The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are referred to as:

A) accessory muscles.
B) muscles of expiration.
C) intercostal muscles.
D) muscles of inspiration.

Question 38

Where do receptors such as stretch and peripheral chemoreceptors send afferent impulses regarding ventilation?

A) To the pneumotaxic center in the pons
B) To the apneustic center in the pons
C) To the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata
D) To the ventral respiratory group in the medulla oblongata