Deck 33: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Question 1

Peristalsis of ureters is maintained even when the ureter is denervated,so ureters can be transplanted.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is the secretion of sodium chloride.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

All of the following are part of the nephron except the:

A) loop of Henle.
B) renal corpuscle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) calyx.

Answer 3

calyx.

Question 4

Kidneys hypertrophy throughout life.

Question 5

The arcuate arteries branch to form the interlobar arteries at the cortical medullary junction.

Question 6

The target tissue for angiotensin II is the blood vessels and adrenal medulla.

Question 7

The kidneys are located within the peritoneal cavity,posterior to the intestines.

Question 8

Which tubule is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area?

A) Proximal tubules
B) Distal tubules
C) Ascending loop of Henle
D) Descending loop of Henle

Question 9

The kidney has endocrine functions.

Question 10

Renal blood vessels are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 11

The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A) glomerulus
B) nephron
C) collecting duct
D) pyramid

Question 12

A ring of smooth muscle,the ureteral sphincter,surrounds the ureters where they enter the urinary bladder.

Question 13

Normally,99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed.

Question 14

Which cells have contractile and phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and produce vasoactive substances that influence the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A) Principle cells
B) Podocin cells
C) Mesangial cells
D) Intercalated cells

Question 15

Active transport in the renal tubules can be limited as the carrier molecules become saturated.

Question 16

The area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli of the nephrons is the:

A) medullA.
B) cortex.
C) pyramids.
D) columns.

Question 17

Tubular secretion is the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillaries.

Question 18

There is a direct relationship between renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Question 19

The left kidney is slightly lower than the right due to the location of the liver.

Question 20

While afferent and efferent arterioles are richly innervated,nerves have not been observed in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 21

What effect do natriuretic peptides (NAP)have when right atrial pressure rises?

A) Stimulates antidiuretic hormones and contracts vascular smooth muscle
B) Inhibits antidiuretic hormones and contracts vascular smooth muscle
C) Stimulates renin and aldosterone and relaxes vascular smooth muscle
D) Inhibits renin and aldosterone and relaxes vascular smooth muscle

Question 22

What force(s)creates passive transport of water in the proximal tubule?

A) Peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Peritubular capillary oncotic and osmotic pressures
C) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D) Interstitial oncotic and osmotic pressures

Question 23

What is the action of urodilantin?

A) It causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles.
B) It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.
C) It inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secretion.
D) It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.

Question 24

What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone?

A) Retain sodium
B) Excrete sodium
C) Retain water
D) Excrete water

Question 25

As systemic blood pressure falls,the afferent arterioles of the kidneys _____,preventing a reduction in blood flow to the glomerulus.

A) dilate
B) constrict
C) Neither of the above.The efferent arteriole is the artery that autoregulates to keep the glomerular filtration rate constant.

Question 26

Kidney stones in the upper part of the ureter would produce pain referred to the:

A) vulva or penis.
B) umbilicus.
C) thighs.
D) lower abdomen.

Question 27

Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

A) vagus nerve.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 28

Which glucoprotein protects against urolithiasis and is a ligand for lymphokines?

A) Uromedulin
B) Nephrin
C) Urodilantin
D) Cystatin

Question 29

How much urine accumulates in the bladder before the mechanoreceptors sense bladder fullness?

A) 75 to 100 ml
B) 100 to 150 ml
C) 250 to 300 ml
D) 350 to 400 ml

Question 30

Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

A) Peripheral nerves
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 31

What is the trigone?

A) It is the smooth muscle that comprises the orifice of the ureter.
B) It is the inner mucosal lining of the kidneys.
C) It is a smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.
D) It is the three divisions of the loop of Henle.

Question 32

What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

A) They activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
B) They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.
C) They activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.
D) They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

Question 33

What is the end product of protein metabolism excreted in urine?

A) Glucose
B) Ketones
C) Bile
D) Urea

Question 34

Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Aldosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

Question 35

What is an indication that the carrier molecule for glucose is saturated?

A) Hyperglycemia
B) Glucosuria
C) Polyuria
D) Proteinuria

Question 36

The filtration of plasma per unit of time is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The GFR is directly related to:

A) perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B) diffusion rate in the renal cortex.
C) diffusion rate in the renal medulla.
D) glomerular active transport.

Question 37

What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow,glomerular filtration,and renin secretion?

A) Macula densa
B) Visceral epithelium
C) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) Filtration slits

Question 38

On average,the kidneys receive approximately _____ % to _____ % of the cardiac output.

A) 10;20
B) 15;20
C) 20;25
D) 30;35

Question 39

What is an action of renin,an enzyme secreted from the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A) Inactivation of autoregulation
B) Direct activation of angiotensin II
C) Direct release of ADH
D) Activation of angiotensin I

Question 40

How high does the serum glucose have to be for the threshold for glucose to be achieved?

A) 126 mg/dl
B) 150 mg/dl
C) 180 mg/dl
D) 200 mg/dl

Question 41

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Crystals

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 42

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Creatinine clearance

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 43

What stimulates the renal hydroxylation step to produce Vitamin D?

A) Erythropoietin
B) Thyroid hormone
C) Calcitonin
D) Parathyroid hormone

Question 44

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Erythrocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 45

The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic hormone (ADH),which is secreted by the:

A) posterior pituitary.
B) right atrium.
C) left atrium.
D) anterior pituitary.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 46

The specific gravity of urine in older adults is normally:

A) increased.
B) high normal.
C) low normal.
D) decreased.

Question 47

Which of the following is found in older adults?

A) A sharp decline in GFR and no change in renal blood flow
B) A sharp decline in renal blood flow and in GFR
C) A decrease in the number of nephrons
D) An increase in GFR leading to increased urine output

Question 48

The best estimate of functioning renal tissue is:

A) glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
B) hourly urine output.
C) serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.
D) the specific gravity of the solute concentration of the urine.

Question 49

_____ is a hormone synthesized and secreted by the kidneys.

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Erythropoietin
D) Angiotensinogen

Question 50

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Casts

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria

Question 51

What do atrial natriuretic (NAP)and urodilantin have in common?

A) Both inhibit sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
B) Both inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH)to prevent water reabsorption in the medullary part of the collecting duct.
C) Both are stimulated by a rise in blood pressure and an increase in extracellular volume.
D) Both are stimulated by a fall in blood pressure and a decrease in extracellular volume.

Question 52

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Leukocytes

A)Good estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B)Form in concentrated acidic or alkaline urine
C)Cylindric with distinct borders
D)Hematuria
E)Pyuria