Deck 8: Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups

Question 1

Chronic victims of bullying experience more physical and psychological problems than their peers who are not harassed by other children.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the text,only 25 percent of schools control access to school buildings by locking or monitoring doors.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

School desegregation efforts have heralded a new age of improved race relations,which in the long run may help reduce crime rates.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to the text,the most frequent motivation behind school shootings is revenge.

Question 5

Only 9 percent of the chronic offenders in Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study graduated from high school,compared to 74 percent of nonoffenders.

Question 6

Affluent students are less  affected by school failure than lower-class youths.

Question 7

Academic tracking is an effective method for providing academic success to all students in a school.

Question 8

About 25 percent of students report bringing weapons to school on a regular basis.

Question 9

According to the text,almost half of all female dropouts left school because they were pregnant or had already given birth.

Question 10

Experts have concluded that many of the underlying problems of delinquency are connected with the nature and quality of the school experience.

Question 11

Delinquency has been associated with low self-control and impulsivity,traits that also may produce school failure.

Question 12

According to the text,high school dropouts are just as likely to remain out of prison than those who complete high school.

Question 13

Cross-national surveys that compare academic achievement show that the United States is among the top nations in critical academic areas such as math and science.

Question 14

African American students drop out at a lower rate than European American students.

Question 15

Dropout factories are high schools where the completion rate is 75 percent or less.

Question 16

Family dysfunction increases the chances of dropping out of school among all racial and ethnic groups.

Question 17

The Secret Service has compiled data for an accurate and useful profile of at-risk kids who become school shooters.

Question 18

According to the text,over 50 percent of students are bullied in school.

Question 19

Researchers find that school failure is a stronger predictor of delinquency than variables such as economic class,race/ethnic background,or peer-group relations.

Question 20

Research shows that school climate-the social and educational atmosphere of a school-is one of the least important predictors of campus crime and violence levels.

Question 21

Today,more than 90 percent of school-aged children attend school,compared to only _____ percent in 1890.

A)7
B)23
C)42
D)57

Question 22

What percent of Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study graduated from high school?

A)9 percent
B)15 percent
C)24 percent
D)37 percent

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of the problems faced by the U.S.education system?

A)There has been significant improvement in math ability in the past 20 years.
B)Cross-national surveys that compare academic achievement show that students in the United States trail those in other nations.
C)Reading scores have significantly improved in the past 20 years.
D)Budget cutting has reduced educational resources in many communities.

Question 24

According to the U.S.Supreme Court,to justify prohibiting a form of speech or expression of opinion,the school must be able to show that the forbidden conduct will substantially interfere with the discipline required to operate the school.

Question 25

Approximately what percentage of high school students drop out?

A)20 percent
B)25 percent
C)33 percent
D)40 percent

Question 26

In the 1984 U.S.Supreme Court case New Jersey v.T.L.O.the court ruled that students were protected against unreasonable searches and seizures,but that school personnel are not bound by the same restrictions as police officers.

Question 27

Which of the following is not an educational factor related to dropping out?

A)Maintaining a grade point average just below 2.0
B)Failing one course
C)Missing 10 percent of instructional time in a school year
D)The use of suspensions and transfers by school administration as the solution to troublemakers

Question 28

Which is not one of the effects of dropping out of high school?

A)The median income of dropouts is substantially less than those who complete.
B)Dropouts report higher tax contributions than those who complete.
C)Dropouts make up a disproportionately higher percentage of the nation's prison and death row inmates.
D)Those who leave school early have a long history of poor school performance and antisocial behaviors.

Question 29

Over time the overall dropout rate has:

A)increased
B)decreased
C)stayed the same
D)not been measured by U.S.school officials

Question 30

More than 90 percent of schools  limit access to social networking websites from school computers  and prohibit the use of cell phones and text messaging devices during school hours.

Question 31

There are three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency;which of the following statements does not reflect one of these three views?

A)School failure is unrelated to delinquency.
B)School failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior.
C)School failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior.
D)School failure and delinquency share a common cause: social and personal problems.

Question 32

Which statement is true regarding dropping out?

A)Most dropouts left because while they liked school,they could not afford associated educational expenses.
B)Poverty and family dysfunction increase the chances of dropping for minority students only.
C)African American children receive more disciplinary infractions than children from other racial categories,despite the fact that their behavior is quite similar.
D)Kids who miss more than 10 percent of instructional time are at risk for dropping out.

Question 33

In Marvin Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study,those who were more likely to become involved in chronic delinquency:

A)were raised in two-parent households
B)had few disciplinary actions compared to nonoffenders
C)had diagnosed learning disabilities
D)left school without a diploma

Question 34

Research by Dorn leads him to believe that:

A)the dropout problem is a function of inequality of educational opportunity rather than the failure of individual students
B)the proportion of African Americans who fail to graduate do not take advantage of the services and support provided by the educational system
C)the relatively high dropout rate among minorities is due to individual lack of interest and follow-through
D)minorities who drop out prefer the economic opportunities of the streets and choose to leave for greater financial gain at a younger age

Question 35

High schools with a completion rate of 40 percent or less are known as:

A)dropout factories
B)underachievers
C)school failure districts
D)failing schools

Question 36

What statement with regard to schools is false?

A)The school plays no role in shaping the values of children.
B)The school itself has become an engine of social change and improvement.
C)A single school failure often leads to a pattern of chronic failure.
D)The school has become a primary determinant of economic and social status.

Question 37

The 2000 U.S.Supreme Court case Santa Fe independent School District,Petitioner v.Jane Doe ruled that school prayers led by an elected student threatens the religious freedom of minority viewpoints and therefore is unconstitutional.

Question 38

Those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement are _________ and are among the most likely to be delinquent.

A)persistent school failures
B)chronic truants
C)chronic underachievers
D)dropouts

Question 39

In Goss v.Lopez,the Supreme Court ruled that any time a student is to be suspended for up to 10 days,he or she is entitled to a hearing.

Question 40

Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school?

A)Black and Hispanic students are also disproportionately subject to seclusion or restraints.
B)Students with disabilities are disproportionally subject to physical restraints.
C)A smaller percentage of minority students are in gifted and talented programs.
D)Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.

Question 41

Prevention of school bullying has taken many forms.Which is not one of the methods?

A)Teacher in-service training to raise awareness
B)Discussions with individual students to identify bullies and victims
C)Establishment of classroom rules against bullying
D)School assemblies outing bullies

Question 42

Which of the following acts restricts the disclosure of personal student information without parental consent?

A)Taft Hartley Act
B)Bartley-Fox Act
C)Gramm-Newman Act
D)Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Question 43

While the number has declined,about what percentage of 9th- to 12th-grade students reported bringing a weapon to school regularly?

A)5
B)11
C)25
D)33

Question 44

Which of the following is not a time when  most school shooting incidents occur?

A)Around the start of the day
B)During the lunch period
C)At the end of the day
D)During sporting events

Question 45

Which of the following statements about bullying is false?

A)Studies of bullying suggest that there are short- and long-term consequences for both the perpetrators and the victims of bullying.
B)Studies suggest that chronically victimized students may,as adults,be at increased risk for depression,poor self-esteem,and other mental health problems.
C)Studies suggest that bullying may be a critical risk factor in the development of future problems with violence and delinquency.
D)Studies suggest that victims of bullying in early grades are less likely to be bullied later.

Question 46

According to the profile developed by the U.S.Secret Service,school shootings:

A)are most often spontaneous,unplanned events
B)most often involve the worst academic performers as the shooters
C)involve shooters that are most often members of a racial minority group
D)involve shooters with a history of being bullied

Question 47

Research indicates that the social and educational atmosphere of a school:

A)is one of the most important predictors of levels of violence
B)is the least important predictors of levels of violence
C)has no impact on school crime
D)has proven to be a mixed bag of results on levels of crime and violence

Question 48

A school-based prevention program based on behavioral strategies is most likely to involve:

A)increasing students' awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and delinquency
B)improving students' psychological assets and self-image to give them the resources to resist antisocial behavior
C)training students in techniques to resist peer pressure
D)treating youths who have already manifested problems

Question 49

Academic tracking refers to:

A)school monitoring student performance to identify students that need help
B)recording where students end up five years after graduation
C)dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level
D)identifying patterns of delinquency and victimization inside schools

Question 50

According to the text,schools with fewer behavioral problems in the student body are characterized by:

A)high-achieving students
B)laissez-faire discipline
C)absent parents
D)dress codes

Question 51

Policies that mandate specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and do not allow anyone to avoid these consequences are referred to as:

A)zero tolerance  policies
B)restorative policies
C)retributive policies
D)balanced policies

Question 52

What statement about improving school climate and security is false?

A)To reduce school-based crime,administrators might be better off improving the standards of the teaching staff rather than installing strict security.
B)Tighter school security may only displace acts of violence to the community.
C)Administrators who apply school rules evenly and increase the certainty of punishment for breaking school rules can create the  multifaceted approach needed to provide a safer school environment.
D)Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school.

Question 53

Schools can drug test student athletes according to the U.S.Supreme Court decision in:

A)New Jersey v.T.L.O.
B)Goss v.Lopez
C)Vernonia School District v.Acton
D)Burton v.Charleston Country
​

Question 54

According to the text,which of the following security measures is used most often in both public and private schools?

A)Enforcing strict dress code
B)Random canine checks for drugs
C)Random metal detectors
D)Controlled access to grounds during school hours

Question 55

Police need _________________ before they can conduct a search,but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules.

A)a hunch
B)mere suspicion
C)circumstantial evidence
D)probable cause

Question 56

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that search measures used by school officials to root out contraband must be "reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction"? 

A)Safford Unified School District v.Redding
B)Vernonia School District v.Acton
C)Hazelwood School District v.Kuhlmeier
D)Texas Commerce v.Wellman
​

Question 57

Which of the following statements about school shooters is true?

A)About 50 percent of all reported school shooters are minority-group members.
B)In most cases,there was no action (e.g. ,no notes or threats)indicating risk of violence prior to the school shootings.
C)Most school shooters have a significant,underlying mental disorder.
D)School shooters typically develop a plan of attack well in advance.

Question 58

Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function in schools.According to Cohen they essentially failed to live up to:

A)the final cut
B)par
C)standards of decency
D)middle-class measuring rods

Question 59

Which of the following statements about tracking and school failure is true?

A)Studies indicate that non-college-track students experience progressive deterioration of achievement.
B)Studies indicate non-college-track students experience less academic failure.
C)Studies indicate non-college-track students participate more in extracurricular activities.
D)Studies indicate non-college-track students have a decreased tendency to drop out.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a correlate of school failure according to the text?

A)Personal problems
B)Academic integration
C)Tracking
D)Social class

Question 61

____________________ is a form of expression protected by the First Amendment but not associated with actually speaking words.

A)Active speech
B)Passive speech
C)Interpretive speech
D)Expressive speech

Question 62

What legal doctrine gives the schools the right to assume some of the duties of parents,including discipline?

A)In loco parentis
B)In prayentis mantis
C)Educatum primus
D)Investiture

Question 63

High schools where the completion rate is 40 percent or less are called _____________________________.

Question 64

What Supreme Court case ruled that any time a student is to be suspended for up to 10 days,he or she is entitled to a hearing?

A)Safford Unified School District v.Redding
B)Vernonia School District v.Acton
C)Goss v.Lopez
D)New Jersey v.T.L.O.

Question 65

Given the factors present,should the school be concerned?

A)Yes,there are indications for the potential of a school shooting.
B)Yes,there is a potential for dropping out.
C)Yes,factors are indicative of substance use.
D)No,this is merely teenage angst.

Question 66

In Goss v.Lopez,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that:

A)school systems have a right to drug test all athletes
B)any time a student is to be suspended for up to 10 days he or she is entitled to a hearing
C)high school students have a constitutional right to use active speech
D)teachers have the right to use corporal punishment to discipline their students

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the U.S.Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v.Wright concerning corporal punishment in schools?

A)The Eighth Amendment prohibits corporal punishment in schools.
B)Neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by a teacher's use of corporal punishment to discipline students.
C)The court ruled that only reasonable discipline is allowed in schools.
D)Corporal punishment in schools is legal in only three states.

Question 68

According to the text,what is known about bullying?

A)About 25 percent of schools report bullying on a daily or weekly basis.
B)Bullying is linked to suicide.
C)Chronic victims experience more psychological problems than their peers.
D)All of these statements are factual about bullying.

Question 69

In a 1988 case,Hazelwood School District v.Kuhlmeier,the Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled that the principal could censor :

A)a student theatrical production
B)articles in a school-sponsored publication
C)an off-campus student-run website
D)a student's pro-legalization banner

Question 70

Placement of Jazmyn in remedial classes is known as:

A)tracking
B)school failure
C)alienation
D)underachieving

Question 71

What category of schools does Jazmyn attend?

A)Interstitial schools
B)Disorganized schools
C)Dropout factories
D)Failing schools

Question 72

A number of researchers have observed that school crime is a function of the community in which the school is located. This is considered a:

A)school-level cause
B)community-level cause
C)individual-level cause
D)administrative-level cause

Question 73

Which of the following best describes the U.S.Supreme Court ruling in Santa Fe Independent School District,Petitioner v.Jane Doe?

A)The Court upheld students' right to active speech.
B)The Court ruled that schools can drug test student athletes.
C)The Court upheld a school system's right to discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures.
D)The Court ruled that prayers led by an "elected" student undermines the protection of minority viewpoints.

Question 74

Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school?

A)Over 70 percent of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were Hispanic or black.
B)Black students are less likely to be suspended or expelled than white students.
C)A smaller percentage of minority students are in gifted and talented programs.
D)The relatively high dropout rate among minorities is the legacy of disciplinary policies instituted more than 40 years ago.

Question 75

Which is false regarding victims of school crimes?

A)School crime is random.
B)Some kids are specifically targeted.
C)Impulsivity increases the risk of victimization.
D)Risky behavior increases the likelihood of victimization.

Question 76

Given the risk factors,Jazmyn will likely join approximately what percentage of high school students that dropout?

A)10
B)20
C)33
D)40

Question 77

The 1969 Supreme Court case of Tinker v.Des Moines Independent Community School District is the most important case concerning:

A)the censorship of articles in student publications
B)a student's right to pray in school
C)a student's right to passive speech
D)a student's right to active speech

Question 78

In what case did the Supreme Court hold that with regard to searches and seizures school officials are not bound by the same restrictions as law enforcement agents?

A)Safford Unified School District v.Redding
B)Vernonia School District v.Acton
C)Hazelwood School District v.Kuhlmeier
D)New Jersey v.T.L.O.

Question 79

In the 1986 case,Bethel School District No.403 v.Fraser,the Supreme Court upheld a school system's right to:

A)discipline a student who used obscene or profane language and gestures
B)censor active speech when deemed inappropriate by the school principal
C)allow school prayer before classes began
D)provide space for an after-school Bible club

Question 80

In _________________________ (2001),the Supreme Court required an upstate New York school district to provide space for an after-school Bible club for elementary students.

A)Good News Club v.Milford Central School
B)Vernonia School District v.Acton
C)Goss v.Lopez
D)Ingraham v.Wright