Deck 20: Presenting Insights and Findings: Oral Presentations

Question 1

A means of support in a research presentation that enhances ethos is:

A) Testimony/Expert opinion
B) Statistics
C) Specific instance
D) Metaphor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The ultimate success of an oral research report depends on the speaker's ability to ____.

A) know why listeners should really care about the information presented
B) understand the demographic and dispositional audience characteristics
C) anticipate audience response
D) know the needs of key audience members either through informal or formal advance conversations or feedback
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which characteristic of a web-delivered presentation is NOT essential?

A) Use of a Web-presentation platform.
B) A presenter who controls the remote delivery of visual aids to the audience's computer while speaking to the audience via computer or a controlled-access phone line.
C) Audience rapport affecting the logos of the presentation and the shorter period needed for planning.
D) Audience ability to ask questions and the ability of the presenter to respond to those questions.
E) An invited audience who participates via the Web from their office or a Web-equipped room.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Logos provides explicit support for a position and ____.

A) this translates into supporting evidence that reveal the researchers' findings.
B) should not be the only source of support although it is the core of most research presentations.
C) uses a variation of the syllogism where one or more minor premises are left unstated, but where the audience provides the missing premises to reach the conclusion.
D) is not the strongest of the three appeals.
E) All of the above

Question 5

Stories are a strong form of supporting material.Which is a principle of a good story?

A) Use the principle of "tweets"-140 characters or less-to keep your sentences dramatic and punchy.
B) Use the story as a mechanism to show passion and excitement about your topic.
C) Use audience analysis to match the story to your audience and topic.
D) Keep humorous stories short to deliver the punch line quickly.
E) All of the above

Question 6

A oral research report has some unique characteristics that distinguish it from other kinds of public speaking.Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Small audience
B) Audience members who will each use the research findings and conclusions differently given their managerial responsibilities
C) Presenter condenses a lengthy and complex body of information
D) A large audience with expectations to be entertained
E) All of the above

Question 7

"Who will I be addressing?" and "Why should my listeners really care about the information I present?" are two questions that are ____.

A) Key for developing the logos of your presentation.
B) Essential for audience analysis
C) Primary considerations for delivering web presentations
D) Desirable for recall at the beginning of the presentation (recency effect)
E) Ways of adapting to auditory learners

Question 8

A short oral research report to a small group where statistics constitute much of the content is called a ____.

A) deposition
B) interview
C) briefing
D) announcement
E) speech

Question 9

What are the three types of learners?

A) Learners in small, large, and research presentation audiences
B) Visual, auditory, and media-savvy
C) Rule of thirds-type learners
D) Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic

Question 10

A tendency presenters should AVOID during an oral research report is to ____.

A) turn from the audience to read from a slide
B) maintain good eye contact
C) vary the volume and rate of speech
D) distribute a handout when ready to refer to it
E) all of the above

Question 11

What is the Motivated Sequence form of presentational organization?

A) Uses time sequence for a framework [e.g., by when each research activity (focus group, survey, experiment) occurred].
B) The sequence of ideas, which, by following the normal processes of human thinking, motivates an audience to respond to the speaker's purpose.
C) First part describes the cause of a problem, the second describes its effect, and the third presents a solution.
D) Material is organized from the least important information to the most important.
E) Benefits, disadvantages, how benefits are superior are discussed.

Question 12

When should handouts be distributed during an oral research report?

A) They should be at everyone's seat at the start of the meeting
B) At the beginning of the speaker's presentation
C) When the speaker is ready to refer to the handout
D) At the end of the presentation
E) Following the presentation accompanied by a thank you letter

Question 13

The choice of visual aids is affected by ____.

A) intended purpose
B) size of the audience
C) meeting room conditions
D) budget constraints
E) all of the above

Question 14

The basis of persuasion was defined by Aristotle with his three principles of proof.They are

A) logos, pathos, and ethos
B) logos, enthymeme, and forensic
C) forensic, deliberative, and epideictic
D) dialectic, rhetoric, and ethos
E) none of the above

Question 15

The research literature on speech organization ____.

A) recommends the narrative pattern as the organizational framework that is superior
B) does not support the conclusion of one overall superior method for organizing
C) provides experimental research for the use of trios, triplets, or triads
D) recommends the chronological time sequence for a framework

Question 16

Several psychological principles have important implications for oral research presentations.Which of the following is TRUE?

A) An audience member comes to the presentation with past knowledge of the speaker's topic and will judge the presentation based on selective perception.
B) An audience member comes to the presentation with limited knowledge of the topic and will remain open-minded throughout the presentation.
C) Each audience member organizes his or her unique construct of the content presented, which is unrelated to listener experience and openness to change.
D) There is no need for the research presenter to attempt to construct imaginatively how the audience will interpret the message because it is impossible to know in advance.
E) All of the above

Question 17

When making an oral research report,the speaker should ____.

A) vary the volume, pitch, voice quality, articulation, and pace of speaking
B) memorize the speech
C) begin with recommendations
D) be comfortable enough with the material to "wing it"
E) speak quickly

Question 18

In a research presentation,a supporting material known as "analogy" is defined as ____.

A) a critical incident selected to prove an overarching claim; brief rather than detailed stories
B) numerical data used in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, but also found in data collection planning
C) a comparison between two different things to highlight a point of similarity; not offered as conclusive proof for an argument, but may be useful to clarify the argument or presenter's position
D) an implicit comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common; expresses the unfamiliar in terms of the familiar, achieving its effect via association, comparison, and resemblance
E) verifiable data about situations that exist or events that are known to have occurred; often involving statistical data

Question 19

Our perception of a presenter's character affects how believable or convincing we find that person.The projection of credibility via personal character is the researcher's ____.

A) logos
B) pathos
C) epideictic
D) ethos
E) enthymeme

Question 20

Which term below refers to a conversational-style of oral research report that relies on minimal notes?

A) Briefing
B) Extemporaneous presentation
C) Formal presentation
D) Interview
E) Discussion

Question 21

Facts (supporting material)are defined as:

A) verifiable data about situations that exist or events that are known to have occurred
B) a critical incident selected to prove an overarching claim
C) a single instance used to clarify a complex concept
D) a comparison between two different things to highlight a point of similarity

Question 22

Photographic framing or creating a focal point for all visuals involves.

A) use high contrast to quickly draw audience attention to the main point.
B) rule of thirds: the cross-hairs form nine cells with four intersecting crossing points which may be used to line up the image, creating a balanced, arresting visual.
C) reduce clutter and use only the information and visual techniques necessary to convey the data, idea, or conclusion.
D) conceptualize the visual support materials on paper before composing the digital versions.
E) the audience should be able to perceive meaning from the location of elements on the slide or handout.

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE about jargon and clutter in a presentation?

A) Using jargon is a not a danger in delivery of a research presentation where your audience has knowledge of the techniques of research or statistical analysis.
B) Clutter in a speech includes repetition of fillers such as "ah," "um," "you know," "like," "basically," or "exactly" and reduces speaker credibility.
C) Jargon does not add clumsy language and is not ultimately confusing.
D) Jargon is language specific only to research and is considered meaningless and generally unintelligible to people outside of the researcher group.

Question 24

The extemporaneous presentation is characterized by _____.

A) all material is committed to memory
B) statistical orientation and graph-centered visuals
C) verbatim delivery of a presentation script
D) minimal notes; preparation includes fully prepared scripting; audience-centered

Question 25

Scripts (full manuscripts of a presentation)are _____.

A) most frequently used in impromptu speaking
B) important in the planning phase but should be shelved by the time you get to practice
C) more reliable than note cards to reduce stage fright
D) are more accepted as props than speaker note cards
E) all of the above

Question 26

Which is the following best describes nonverbal communication? Nonverbal communication ______.

A) is not conveyed through other than though verbal means
B) does not encompass clothing and bodily characteristics, but considers the physical environment (physical space and time)
C) is a significant component of the speaker's presentation, studies cite as high as 93 percent
D) is principally composed of paralanguage (nonverbal cues of the voice)
E) None of the listed answers are correct

Question 27

The support material design principle of whitespace means that the presenter should ____.

A) reduce ideas to their most simplistic to "stick" in the mind of the audience
B) conceptualize the visual support materials on paper before composing the digital versions
C) leave empty, uncluttered space surrounding important key visuals and text
D) use the photographers tool (the rule of thirds), compose visuals with real or imaginary cross-hairs that divide the visual field

Question 28

If you were creating a slide for an oral research presentation,what characteristic would you aim for?

A) Low word count and the 10-20-30 rule.
B) Simplicity by considering using a title only.
C) Keep it simple and choose a font size = oldest audience member age/2.
D) Develop a slideument similar to those recommended by PowerPoint and that have served presenters well for over a decade.
E) All but D

Question 29

Four admonitions essential for oral research presentations-and presentations in general-include _____.

A) avoid keeping your hands at your sides, being animated and lively, leaning forward, and slow speaking rates
B) use statistics, testimony, expert opinion, narration
C) be conscious of eye contact, gestures, body orientation, and paralanguage
D) develop your logical proof around facts, examples, specific instances, and pathos

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a mode of delivery?

A) Persuasive speaking
B) Manuscript reading
C) Impromptu speaking
D) Extemporaneous presentation
E) Memorization

Question 31

Which psychological principle influences visualization?

A) Audience inability to process large amounts of information at one time should reduce the complexity of your support.
B) It is not critical for your presentation to convey what is new or a change with a separate slide or handout.
C) Use unknown visualization techniques.
D) Your audience will not automatically group items together, even if you give them such groupings.

Question 32

Scripting has several key features,including _____.

A) full sentences in the notes section of PowerPoint
B) reworking your material, removing filler words from sentences, and leaving only key words
C) memorizing the one key idea for each slide for practice
D) practice for the presentation without notes using only the slide's keywords
E) all of the above

Question 33

A demonstration is a variation of speech with informative intent using visual aids.A good demonstration

A) contains logos, ethos, pathos
B) is essential in research presentations to facilitate understanding of statistics
C) creates a natural, emotional response
D) is short, simple, sweet, swift, and substantial

Question 34

An optimal strategy for coping with performance anxiety includes ____.

A) eliminates the imagination of negative possibilities, and think about the positive outcomes of a successful presentation
B) remember that one cannot control other's reactions or judgments, but only one's own performance
C) refocus one's attention away from self and increase one's awareness of others, without considering them as judges
D) reduce the imagined power of others by increasing the sense of one's own power
E) all of the above

Question 35

In oral research presentations,which of the following aspects of delivery is INCORRECT?

A) The delivery should be more restrained than in those that seek action or behavioral change.
B) Demeanor, posture, dress, and total appearance should be appropriate for the occasion.
C) Speed of speech, clarity of enunciation, pauses, and gestures all play a part.
D) Rapport-developing techniques are not essential because audience-member managers are in information seeking roles.
E) All but "D"

Question 36

Which of the following statements about "visualization" is NOT true?

A) Visuals are fundamental to business research presentations.
B) Visualization involves developing and organizing support materials that help the audience share in your understanding of the data.
C) The composition and knowledge of the audience, the venue, and amount of time all influence choices in visualization.
D) Twenty percent of the information humans receive comes through their eyes. For research presentations, this number is slightly higher.
E) Presentations constructed solely as PowerPoint slides result in the presenter supplying the verbal content of a document ineffectually because the audience reads faster than he or she can speak.

Question 37

Some research companies use templates that can be modified for specific oral research presentations.When multiple presentations are made to the same audience of managers using such a template approach,presentations ____.

A) may fail to hold attention and communicate persuasively
B) will be greeted enthusiastically by typical managers
C) will meet the requirements of planning in analog
D) will meet the requirements for audience analysis

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about stories as supporting material?

A) Stories tell the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events
B) Describing your experience with the research study lends a real-life impression that cannot be achieved through facts or statistics
C) Stories are most powerful when they do not involve personal experience
D) A good story has an interesting beginning, engaging content, and a clear conclusion

Question 39

Which of the following describes how pathos established in a research presentation?

A) By collecting past impressions from prior associations
B) Interviewing critical members of the intended audience
C) Surveying a sample of the invitees regarding agreement with a series of statements about issues
D) Discovering demographic and dispositional audience characteristics
E) All of the above

Question 40

A three-point speech may contain which of these organizational variations?

A) Introduction-body-conclusion
B) Overview-body-recap
C) Introduction- three best supporting points-conclusion
D) Surprising introduction- three stories- memorable conclusion tying the stories together
E) All of the above

Question 41

Which psychological principle influences visualization?

A) Principle of capacity limitations.
B) Principle of irrelevance
C) Principle of small change
D) Principle of remote organization

Question 42

Which of the following principles related to contrast in visual design principles is TRUE?

A) Low contrast, text to its background, should be used for text.
B) Busy or detailed backgrounds are visually engaging and thus enhance readability
C) Highlighting a number in a table of numbers enhances its contrast
D) Adding color to text when a colorful background or chart is used doesn't enhance contrast
E) None of the above.

Question 43

Which psychological principle influences visualization?

A) Principle of capacity expansion.
B) Principle of irrelevance
C) Principle of small change
D) Principle of perceptual organization

Question 44

Regarding ethos,Aristotle states ____.

A) without prior experience, presenters must borrow ethos by linking their methodology and procedures to credible sources with experience
B) that three things move us to belief apart from any proof: good sense, goodwill, and good moral character
C) the projection of credibility via emotional appeal is called ethos
D) the logical argument provides explicit support for ethos

Question 45

When Barack Obama stated in his inaugural address "We must pick ourselves up,dust ourselves off,and begin again the work of remaking America," he was using a rhetorical device called ____.

A) the rule of three
B) introduction-body-conclusion
C) a proven screenwriting technique
D) the three-point speech
E) using stories to tell the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events

Question 46

Paralanguage is an important part of planning and rehearsal.Which of the following describes the characteristics of paralanguage the speaker should focus on?

A) frequency of eye contact with the audience helps to establish rapport and comfort.
B) a speaking style that is animated and lively gains audience attention
C) standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward communicates that you are approachable.
D) nonverbal communication including such vocal elements as tone, pitch, rhythm, pause, timbre, loudness, and inflection.
E) none of the above

Question 47

According to recent research in molecular biology,the brain appears to be making choices according to a timing pattern influenced by genetics and environment.Once thought of as a "20-minute fatigue factor," it is now more reasonable to consider your audience will become bored in:

A) 5 minutes
B) 10 minutes
C) 15 minutes
D) 20 minutes (no change)
E) 25 minutes

Question 48

Which psychological principle that influences visualization is defined as: your audience's attention is drawn to large perceptible differences?

A) Principle of discriminability
B) Principle of salience
C) Principle of informative changes
D) Principle of capacity limitations
E) Principle of appropriate knowledge

Question 49

Which of the following principles related to compatibility in visual design principles is TRUE?

A) An exploding pie chart is not compatible with convey a approximate, not absolute, relationship.
B) Location related data is compatible with geographical charting.
C) More bullet points improve compatibility.
D) Widening the bars on a bar graph is compatible with conveying precise data.
E) None of the above.

Question 50

A flow aid is used _____.

A) to advance a story
B) to plan an oral research report
C) to serve as an example
D) to establish associations or correlations between key findings
E) None of the above

Question 51

Noted presenter and author Nancy Duarte reminds us of the need to treat your audience as your first priority: She states,"They didn't come to your presentation to see you.They came to find out what you can do for them." This means that you should ____.

A) give your audience a reason for taking their time
B) provide content that resonates with your audience
C) ensure that it is clear what you want your audience to do
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 52

Which of the following principles related to clarity in visual design principles is TRUE?

A) Smaller elements will be perceived to be more important than smaller ones.
B) Smaller elements will be perceived to be more important than smaller ones
C) More bullet points improve understanding
D) A bar graph overlaid with a line graph is easy to interpret as a simple bar chart
E) None of the above.

Question 53

A(n)_____ uses a single instance to clarify a complex concept.

A) story
B) demonstration
C) example
D) fact
E) flow aid

Question 54

When the research presenter gives the primary premise but expects the audience to supply any missing knowledge (premises)in order to reach the researcher's conclusion,the presenter is using _____.

A) ethos
B) kinesthetic learning
C) enthymeme
D) stories
E) testimony

Question 55

Using a metaphor as support material enhances an oral research presentation's _____.

A) relevancy
B) believability
C) balance
D) stylistic properties
E) detail

Question 56

What is the 10-20-30 rule?

A) 30% of the audience will grasp 20% of your statistics if you speak longer than 10 minutes.
B) Use no more than 10 slides, no more than 20 minutes, and never use text on a slide smaller than 30 points.
C) Font size = oldest age/20
D) The ratio of proofs should be 10 ethos to 20 pathos to 30 logos
E) A revision of the visual principle of one-thirds.

Question 57

Statistics are numerical data useful and expected for oral research presentations.Which of the following statements about the use of statistics is TRUE?

A) To be a credible source of support, the listener needs to know if a statistic is valid and reliable, used correctly, properly interpreted, and relevant to the point.
B) Statistics used in abundance have little effect on audience fatigue.
C) Visuals are essential in research presentations to facilitate understanding of statistics.
D) All of the above.
E) All but "B" above.

Question 58

Which of the following design principles refers to the fact that the audience should be able to see the connection between visual slide elements and sense what information goes together?

A) Contrast
B) Clarity
C) Relationship
D) Whitespace
E) Flow aids

Question 59

Visuals are important in an oral research presentation because _____.

A) Recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position on a list or an argument's sequence
B) The Motivated Sequence produces superior immediate recall though sight visualization
C) About 40 percent of us are visual learners
D) The narrative pattern of organization results in significantly favorable attitudes toward the presentation through visuals

Question 60

A general planning list for an oral research presentation should include answers to all but one of the following _____

A) who makes up the audience?
B) why is the presentation occurring?
C) what does the audience want to learn about?
D) where will the presentation take place?
E) when is the best time to reveal your expertise to the audience?

Question 61

Provide some advice for an inexperienced speaker who is preparing to make an oral presentation.

Question 62

Describe the most important ways by which you can understand your audience in the planning phase of creating your presentation.

Question 63

Sara decides to build audio sound clips of some participant's answers into her final oral research report.This is called _____,and it enhances the presentation's _____.

A) example, ethos
B) testimony, pathos
C) example, pathos
D) testimony, ethos
E) testimony, logos

Question 64

Describe four of the seven supporting materials for presentations listed in the chapter.

Question 65

What are three ways to keep your audience from "checking out?"

Question 66

Research presenters are not just data presenters,but must convince research sponsors to act.In building a presentation,if a researcher puts the primary argument at the beginning of their recommendations,they are relying on _____ in building their presentation's organization.

A) recency effect
B) believability
C) credibility
D) primacy effect
E) contrast