Deck 15: Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

Following the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010,bioremediation was used to eliminate much of the oil from the contaminated water.To encourage the growth of oil-degrading microbes,"fertilizer" including iron and nitrogen was added to the water.Which of the following statements regarding the growth of these microbes is incorrect?

A) The concentration of sulfate in the Gulf of Mexico is sufficient for the growth of oil-degrading microbes.
B) Large amounts of iron were needed, as iron is a macronutrient for oil-degrading microbes.
C) Nitrogen gas (N₂) present in air is not in a form that can be used by oil-degrading microbes.
D) The oil-degrading microbes used oil (hydrocarbons) as their carbon source.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The methanogens,producers of methane gas,require environments that

A) have abundant oxygen and CO₂.
B) are directly exposed to sunlight.
C) are extremely cold.
D) are very acidic.
E) are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO₂.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Many lakes in the United States are suffering from periodic algae blooms,which can be thought of as an infection of the lake.Although the algae are naturally-occurring in the lake,when adjacent farm fields are over-fertilized with diammonium phosphate,the run-off deposits these nutrients in the lake,allowing the algae to grow without limit.Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the overgrowth of algae?

A) Lakes have sufficient micronutrients for algae to grow.
B) The algae are heterotrophs.
C) The nitrogen in the fertilizer is in the ammonium form, the preferred nitrogen source of most microbes.
D) The phosphorus in the fertilizer is in the phosphate form, the preferred phosphorus source of most microbes.
E) The carbon source for these algae is not limiting in lakes.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a ______.

A) chemoheterotroph
B) halotroph
C) saprobe
D) photoautotroph
E) heterotroph

Question 5

Microorganisms require large quantities of ______ for use in cell structure and metabolism.

A) water
B) growth factors
C) macronutrients
D) trace elements
E) electrolytes

Question 6

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a(n) ______.

A) element
B) trace element
C) growth factor
D) macronutrient
E) compound

Question 7

Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.

Question 8

Calcium is required for bacteria because it

A) stabilizes the ribosomes.
B) stabilizes the cell wall.
C) maintains cellular pH.
D) makes strong cell walls.
E) stabilizes the nucleoid.

Question 9

Which compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

A) NH₃
B) CO₂
C) H₂O
D) CH₄
E) Glucose

Question 10

Phosphorus is one of the major elements needed in larger quantities by microorganisms.

Question 11

Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A) Oxygen
B) Carbon
C) Copper
D) Hydrogen
E) Nitrogen

Question 13

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 14

A saprobe differs from a parasite in that

A) a saprobe is a fungus, but a parasite can be any type of microbe.
B) a saprobe cannot infect a human, but a parasite is always infectious.
C) a saprobe derive nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.
D) a saprobe does not harm a host that it lives on, whereas a parasite does harm a host.

Question 15

An important mineral ion found in the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is ______.

A) zinc
B) magnesium
C) calcium
D) iron
E) potassium

Question 16

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from ______.

A) water
B) minerals
C) inorganic compounds
D) organic compounds
E) salts

Question 17

This microbe is photosynthetic,but in the absence of light it can use organic compounds as an energy source.Its carbon source is an organic compound.The appropriate classification for this organism would be ______.

A) chemoautotroph
B) lithotroph
C) photoautotroph
D) photoheterotroph

Question 18

Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell.

Question 19

Growth factors

A) are inorganic.
B) are synthesized by the organism.
C) contain elemental oxygen.
D) cannot be synthesized by the organism.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

An important mineral ion that is a component of chlorophyll and serves as a stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is ______.

A) zinc
B) iron
C) calcium
D) magnesium
E) potassium

Question 21

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A) osmotic pressure.
B) the size of the pores in the membrane.
C) the size of the cell.
D) the substrate concentration.
E) carrier proteins in the membrane.

Question 22

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called ______.

A) lithoautotrophs
B) parasites
C) autotrophs
D) saprobes
E) phototrophs

Question 23

The cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting in ______ conditions.

A) hypotonic
B) mesotonic
C) hypertonic
D) isotonic

Question 24

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.

Question 25

Which organism has a challenge to maintain cellular electrolyte and fluid balance in its environment?

A) A protozoan in a fresh water lake
B) A bacterium in a fresh-water lake
C) A bacterium in Great Salt Lake
D) All of the above have problems in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance within the cell.

Question 26

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most damaging?

A) Bacteria
B) Protozoa
C) Algae
D) Cyanobacteria
E) Fungi

Question 27

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the ______.

A) nuclear membrane
B) proteins in the periplasmic space
C) peptidoglycan layer
D) cell wall
E) cell membrane

Question 28

Which of the following require the cell to use energy?

A) Osmosis
B) Diffusion
C) Facilitated diffusion
D) Endocytosis

Question 29

Contractile vacuoles are

A) used to expel excess water from cells.
B) found in bacterial cells.
C) important to certain organisms in hypertonic environments.
D) protein carriers in cell membranes.
E) used to bring solutes into a cell.

Question 30

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a(n)_____ carrier that binds to the substance and causes a conformational change to allow its movement across the membrane.

A) porin
B) lipid
C) protein
D) enzyme

Question 31

You want to experiment with microbial growth in various nutrients,so you inoculate a loopful of E.coli into a tube of honey.Which statement best describes what you expect to happen and why?

A)E.coli does not grow because it has been dehydrated by the honey.
B)E.coli will not grow because the excessive sugar is toxic.
C)E.coli grows well in the honey because fructose is a good carbon source.
D)E.coli do not grow because there is only sugar in the honey and no other nutrients.

Question 32

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell,this endocytosis is specifically termed ______.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) pinocytosis
C) facilitated transport
D) phagocytosis
E) exocytosis

Question 33

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called ______.

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) endocytosis
D) active transport
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 34

A saprobe with a cell wall will utilize extracellular digestion.

Question 35

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane via a specific protein carrier but without energy expenditure is called ______.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) active transport
C) diffusion
D) endocytosis
E) osmosis

Question 36

Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

Question 37

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane via a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called ______.

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) active transport
D) endocytosis
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 38

The process by which a cell uses ATP to enclose a substance in its membrane,by forming a vacuole and engulfing it,is called ______.

A) active transport
B) facilitated diffusion
C) endocytosis
D) diffusion
E) osmosis

Question 39

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are transferred to ocean water would

A) be in an isotonic solution.
B) gain water.
C) be in a hypotonic solution.
D) become dehydrated due to the loss of water.

Question 40

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ______.

A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) endocytosis
D) active transport
E) diffusion

Question 41

What type of medium is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A) Sodium chloride
B) Blood agar
C) Sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine
D) Thioglycollate

Question 42

All of the following could find a location in or on human body tissues suitable for growth except ______.

A) capnophiles
B) mesophiles
C) anaerobes
D) psychrophiles
E) facultative anaerobes

Question 43

Human pathogens fall into the group called ______.

A) halophiles
B) thermophiles
C) acidophiles
D) mesophiles
E) psychrophiles

Question 44

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 45

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37°C,but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a(n)______.

A) thermophile
B) psychrophile
C) thermoduric microbe
D) extremophile
E) facultative psychrophile

Question 46

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n)______.

A) psychrophile
B) extremophile
C) facultative psychrophile
D) thermophile
E) thermoduric microbe

Question 47

Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ environment.

Question 48

Cultures of a bacterial strain were incubated in a standard incubator,in an anaerobic jar,and in a candle jar.After incubation,there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars,but heavy growth of the culture in the incubator.This species is a(n)______.

A) facultative anaerobe
B) anaerobe
C) microaerophile
D) obligate aerobe
E) capnophile

Question 49

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

A) superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidase.
B) superoxide dismutase and oxidase.
C) superoxide dismutase and catalase.
D) catalase and hydrogen peroxidase.
E) catalase and oxidase.

Question 50

Which statement is correct regarding microbial growth on food at refrigeration temperatures?

A) The absence of light in the refrigerator greatly reduces the growth of most microbial pathogens.
B) Most food does not have enough oxygen content for microorganisms to thrive.
C) There is no growth of microbes in food in the refrigerator; the cold temperature kills or inactivates microbial cells.
D) The growth of microbes in food depends on their optimal growth temperature; some grow slowly and others faster.

Question 51

The term obligate refers to

A) existing in a very narrow niche.
B) using chemicals for energy production.
C) the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
D) using oxygen for metabolism.
E) using light for energy production.

Question 52

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)______.

A) aerobe
B) microaerophile
C) facultative anaerobe
D) obligate anaerobe

Question 53

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n)______.

A) obligate anaerobe
B) obligate aerobe
C) facultative anaerobe
D) aerobe
E) microaerophile

Question 54

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)______.

A) aerobe
B) obligate aerobe
C) facultative anaerobe
D) microaerophile
E) obligate anaerobe

Question 55

A microaerophile

A) grows with or without oxygen.
B) needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
C) requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
D) grows best in an anaerobic jar.

Question 56

Cultures of a bacterial strain were incubated in a refrigerator (5°C),on a lab bench (22°C),in a 37°C incubator,and in a 50°C incubator.After incubation,there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C,slight growth in the refrigerator,and abundant growth on the lab bench top.Which term best describes this organism?

A) Halophile
B) Psychrotroph
C) Capnophile
D) Mesophile
E) Anaerobe

Question 57

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments is a(n)______.

A) obligate anaerobe
B) microaerophile
C) facultative anaerobe
D) aerobe
E) obligate aerobe

Question 58

The term facultative refers to

A) using oxygen for metabolism.
B) using light for energy production.
C) existing in a very narrow niche.
D) the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
E) using chemicals for energy production.

Question 59

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with ______.

A) temperatures above 37° C
B) high salt
C) carbon dioxide
D) oxygen
E) high acidity

Question 60

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32°C is called a(n) ______.

A) thermophile
B) facultative psychrophile
C) psychrophile
D) thermoduric microbe
E) extremophile

Question 61

E.coli bacteria normally live in the human gut and produce vitamin K that the body uses.This is best termed a ______ relationship.

A)mutualistic
B)saprobic
C)parasitic
D)antagonistic

Question 62

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called ______.

A) symbiosis
B) synergism
C) antibiosis
D) mutualism

Question 63

You have inoculated a Clostridium species into a tube of media.After incubation,you observe that there is no growth,and you remember that Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe.What is the best explanation for the observed lack of growth?

A) There is not enough water in the environment for Clostridium to grow.
B) There is not enough oxygen for use when toxic oxygen is present.
C) Oxygen in the medium destroys the enzymes needed by Clostridium to undergo aerobic respiration.
D) Clostridium does not have enzymes to process toxic oxygen.

Question 64

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

A) aerobes
B) pathogens
C) commensals
D) mesophiles
E) halophiles

Question 65

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not harmed,it is called ______.

A) mutualism
B) commensalism
C) synergism
D) symbiosis

Question 66

The majority of microbes live and grow in habitats between pH 7 and 9.

Question 67

Termites are insects that require the protozoan Trichonympha in their gut to synthesize the enzyme cellulase to degrade the cellulose in wood.The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown (glucose).This is a(n)______ relationship.

A) antagonistic
B) mutualistic
C) parasitic
D) commensualistic

Question 68

You inoculate a bacterium into three tubes of nutrient broth medium containing added salt: 0.5% NaCl,5% NaCl,and 15% NaCl.After incubation,you notice significant turbidity in the 15% NaCl medium and modest turbidity in the 5% NaCl medium.There is no growth in the third tube.This organism would be termed ______.

A) osmophobic
B) halophilic
C) haloduric
D) barophilic

Question 69

Most microorganisms can only grow in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 70

The biofilm that forms in your shower ("shower curtain scum")can tolerate exposure to hot water when you shower and is resistant to desiccation between showers.The microbes in the biofilm are not endospores,so what is the best explanation for their survival under these conditions?

A) Bioflms are composed of diverse microbes, and within each biofilm, there are certain to be endospore-formers and thermophiles.
B) The shower hasn't been thoroughly cleaned in a while, and when I really scrub it, the microbes will all be killed.
C) Although some microbes will be killed, those embedded deeply within the biofilm are protected from environmental challenges.
D) Dead skin cells continuously replenish the biofilm, and organic soaps provide a continuous carbon source.

Question 71

In a commensal relationship,the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 72

What is the difference between mutualism and synergism?

A) In a synergistic relationship, both organisms benefit, but in a mutualistic relationship both organisms are harmed.
B) In a mutualistic relationship, both organisms benefit, but in a synergistic relationship both organisms are harmed.
C) In a synergistic relationship, the organisms cannot survive without each other.
D) In a mutualistic relationship, the organisms are dependent upon each other.

Question 73

After using jelly on a sandwich,you close the jar and place it on a room temperature shelf instead of in the refrigerator.When you open the jar several weeks later,you notice microbial growth on the surface.What type of organism is likely to grow in this environment?

A) Bacteria
B) Virus
C) Protozoa
D) Fungus

Question 74

In a close relationship,a change in one partner that results from a change in the other partner is termed ______.

A) mutualism
B) symbiosis
C) synergism
D) coevolution
E) antibiosis

Question 75

A bacterium is inoculated into a tube of thioglycollate and incubated.After incubation,turbidity appears throughout,top to bottom,with the greatest turbidty at the very top.This bacterium would be called a(n)______.

A) microaerophile
B) psychrotroph
C) facultative anaerobe
D) aerotolerant microbe
E) obligate aerobe

Question 76

A halophile would grow best in ______.

A) fresh water ponds
B) hot geyser springs
C) arid, desert soil
D) acid pools
E) salt lakes

Question 77

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats,such as very hot,acidic,or salty environments,are called ______.

A) halophiles
B) thermophiles
C) psychrophiles
D) barophiles
E) extremophiles

Question 78

Which of the following properties is likely to be found in a pioneer colonizer of a biofilm on an artificial joint implant?

A) The ability to grow at thermophilic body temperature,(37 ºC)
B) Surface structures for attaching to tissue
C) The ability to use the titanium from the implant as an energy source
D) No susceptibility to reactive oxygen species like peroxides

Question 79

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients,it is called ______.

A) symbiosis
B) synergism
C) mutualism
D) antibiosis

Question 80

A barophile would grow best in ______.

A) acid pools
B) deep oceans
C) arid, desert soil
D) hot geyser springs
E) salt lakes