Deck 14: Speciation and Extinction

Question 1

The two natural forms of Mimulus studied by scientists looking at the effects of pollinators on speciation were in the same domain.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: The two kinds of Mimulus were both plants,eukaryotes.Please see section 14.6 for more infomation.

Question 2

Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants because elephants

A)reproduce much more slowly than mice.
B)require larger habitats than mice.
C)eat more than mice.
D)live longer than mice.
E)have a more selective diet than micE.

Answer 2

A
Explanation: Organisms which reproduce more quickly can produce more offspring,some of which may be able to survive changed circumstances.Please see section 14.5 for more infomation.

Question 3

The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time-new species have originated and existing species have disappeared.This is an example of

A)speciation.
B)extinction.
C)macroevolution.
D)alternation of generations.
E)hybridization.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Macroevolution is about the change in species,while microevolution is about smaller changes,such as alteration of allele frequencies in populations.Please see section 14.1 for more information.

Question 4

If you observed that the sperm of a bull could not fuse in a lab dish with the eggs of a cow,you would say that the bull and the cow showed

A)hybrid inviability.
B)gametic isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)hybrid infertility.
E)ecological isolation.

Question 5

The process by which species cease to exist

A)has never occurred.
B)is speciation.
C)is extinction.
D)is occurring today at a faster rate than ever before.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 6

The scientist given credit for devising the two-word naming system of all living organisms is

A)Aristotle.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Gregor Mendel.
D)Carolus Linnaeus.
E)Louis Pasteur.

Question 7

The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis because of a different number of chromosomes being inherited from the two parents is

A)gametic isolation.
B)mechanical isolation.
C)hybrid infertility.
D)hybrid inviability.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 8

If you saw two populations of a species of snail,separated by a water-filled valley that they could not cross,you might eventually expect to see speciation due to

A)mechanical isolation.
B)habitat isolation.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)behavioral isolation.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 9

The rate of background extinctions per year per million species is

A)0.1 to 1.0 species.
B)0.001 to 0.01 species.
C)1.0 to 10 species.
D)10 to 100 species.
E)No answer is correct.

Question 10

The two natural forms of Mimulus studied by scientists looking at the effects of pollinators on speciation were in the same species.

Question 11

Biologists divide mechanisms of reproductive isolation into

A)sexual and geographic.
B)prezygotic and sexual.
C)postzygotic and geographiC.
D)sexual and postzygotic.
E)prezygotic and postzygotic.

Question 12

Postzygotic isolation barriers prevent

A)a hybrid embryo from developing into a fertile adult.
B)fertilization.
C)male gametes from joining with female gametes.
D)All answers are correct.
E)formation of gametes by one of the parents.

Question 13

Centimeter-thin layers of earth that are rich in iridium give evidence to support the

A)allopatric theory.
B)ecological isolation theory.
C)gradualism theory.
D)impact theory.
E)punctuated equilibrium theory.

Question 14

An example of polyploidy is found in a plant having

A)an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes.
B)only one set of chromosomes.
C)three or more chromosomes.
D)an abnormal number of one particular chromosome.
E)three or more sets of chromosomes.

Question 15

You are studying two populations of dung beetles,one of which rolls their dung balls at noon,resting at night,and the other of which reverses this.These could speciate due to

A)behavioral isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)mechanical isolation.
D)temporal isolation.
E)sexual selection.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A)temporal isolation
B)gametic isolation
C)hybrid infertility
D)ecological isolation
E)mechanical isolation

Question 17

Polyploidy is common in

A)plant species.
B)fungal species.
C)animal species.
D)bacterial species.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 18

The idea that evolution proceeds in small,incremental changes over many generations is

A)temporal isolation.
B)gradualism.
C)punctuated equilibrium.
D)hybrid breakdown.
E)mechanical isolation.

Question 19

The process by which new species originate

A)is germination.
B)is extinction.
C)occurred only once in Earth's history.
D)is speciation.
E)occurred for millions of years but is no longer occurring.

Question 20

The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is

A)temporal isolation.
B)mechanical isolation.
C)gradualism.
D)punctuated equilibrium.
E)hybrid breakdown.

Question 21

The impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by

A)causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature and destroying plant life.
B)creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight only.
C)causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature only.
D)creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight and destroying plant life.
E)destroying only plant lifE.

Question 22

If a sheep and goat are mated,their offspring dies as an embryo.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)postzygotic
E)outgroup

Question 23

The observation that although fresh water habitats account for only 1% of the Earth's water,they are home to 36% of the known species of fish is due to ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)postzygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 24

A small angle for a branch point in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)extinction.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)gradualism.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 25

Phylogenetics is (are)

A)the study of evolutionary relationships among species.
B)the science of describing,naming,and classifying species.
C)inherited attributes.
D)features only found in living species.
E)species unrelated and used for comparison.

Question 26

A discontinued line in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)extinction.
B)gradualism.
C)punctuated equilibrium.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 27

Two species of finches found on the same Galapagos island but feeding on different food sources is an example of ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)prezygotic
D)postzygotic
E)outgroup

Question 28

Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small it is at risk of extinction for which reason?

A)They can no longer evolve.
B)Their rate of breeding will decline.
C)They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease.
D)They are at risk of sympatric isolation.
E)They are at risk of developing prezygotic barriers to reproduction.

Question 29

It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been

A)collision between Earth and a large celestial body and human intervention.
B)global warming and human intervention.
C)human intervention and shifting of Earth's continents.
D)global warming and shifting of Earth's continents.
E)collision between Earth and a large celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents.

Question 30

Tortoises colonizing the different Galapagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of ____ speciation.

A)prezygotic
B)allopatric
C)postzygotic
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 31

A horizontal branch in an evolutionary tree indicates

A)gradualism.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)extinction.
D)convergent evolution.
E)temporal isolation.

Question 32

Hawthorn maggot flies that breed on native hawthorns and those that breed on introduced European apples can mate in the lab,but rarely mate in the wild.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)prezygotic
C)allopatric
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 33

Birds use specific songs,coloring,and mating dances to attract mates of their species.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)prezygotic
D)sympatric
E)outgroup

Question 34

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.From this observation you could conclude

A)that horses and donkeys are the same species.
B)that horses and donkeys are different species.
C)that mules are a result of macroevolution.
D)increasing the number of mules in a population will affect the allele frequency in the next generation.
E)the DNA sequences of horses and donkeys are more than 97% identical.

Question 35

Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A)postzygotic
B)allopatric
C)sympatric
D)outgroup
E)prezygotic

Question 36

Three species of tigers have become extinct due to overharvesting or habitat destruction.This is an example of

A)mass extinction.
B)background extinction rate.
C)sympatric speciation.
D)increased extinction rate by human activity.
E)allopatric speciation.

Question 37

Scientists have a complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years,with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger,as ancestors of the modern horse adapted from living in forest to grasslands.This is an example of

A)punctuated equilibrium.
B)extinction.
C)a postzygotic barrier to evolution.
D)gradualism.
E)a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 38

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason?

A)The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical.
B)Bacteria cannot reproduce.
C)Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria.
D)Bacteria are asexual.
E)Bacteria do not evolvE.

Question 39

Formation of a tetraploid plant species from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of

A)punctuated equilibrium.
B)gradualism.
C)extinction.
D)a postzygotic barrier to evolution.
E)a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?

A)the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor
B)giraffes with longer necks reaching higher tree branches
C)antibiotic resistance in S.aureus
D)female cardinals preferring males with bright red feathers
E)the beaks of cactus finches changing in size in response to a drought on the Galapagos islands

Question 41

Which of the following is not an example of macroevolution?

A)One species of birds evolves feathers.
B)One species of birds evolves into many species of birds.
C)One species of dinosaurs evolves into the first mammal.
D)One species of mammals evolves into a new species of mammal.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 42

Humans are placed into what kingdom and domain?

A)Animalia,Archaea
B)Chordata,Archaea
C)Archaea,Eukarya
D)Animalia,Eukarya
E)Archaea,Animalia

Question 43

What is the most inclusive level of the hierarchical classification scheme?

A)domain
B)phylum
C)kingdom
D)genus
E)species

Question 44

Birds are least related to

A)nonavian dinosaurs.
B)crocodiles.
C)turtles.
D)mammals.
E)amphibians.

Question 45

The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens.What is the genus of humans?

A)Homo
B)sapiens
C)Homo sapiens
D)Animalia
E)Eukarya

Question 46

Mules are a distinct species because they produce fertile offspring when mated.

Question 47

Closely related plant species that attract different pollinators resulting in reproductive isolation is an example of

A)sympatric speciation.
B)allopatric speciation.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)hybrid infertility.
E)hybrid breakdown.

Question 48

A biological species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed,although the offspring may be infertile.

Question 49

What is the least inclusive level of the hierarchical classification scheme?

A)domain
B)phylum
C)kingdom
D)genus
E)species

Question 50

An evolutionary tree depicts species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.

Question 51

Every species has a unique two-word name called the

A)scientific name.
B)genus.
C)phylogeny.
D)evolutionary tree.
E)cladE.

Question 52

Scientists can fill in gaps in defining species by DNA sequence analysis.

Question 53

The more heritable traits organisms share,the more taxonomic levels they share.