Deck 25: Evolution of Development

Question 1

Genes with similar sequences in two different species of organisms,such as humans and mice

A)produce essentially identical products that have essentially identical functions.
B)may produce products that have slightly to dramatically different functions.
C)almost always have completely different functions in the two species.
D)there is no way of predicting whether the gene will function the same way or differently.
E)are nearly always nonfunctional or "nonsense" DNA in one of the species,present only as a transposon.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Eyes in different animal groups arose independently many times,

A)and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homologous.
B)and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homoplastic (analogous).
C)and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are examples of divergent evolution.
D)and the genes for eye color are multivariate.
E)and the genes for the eyes themselves are divergent.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most mutations that affect developmental regulatory genes are _________________.

Answer 3

lethal

Question 4

The evolution of patterns on insect wings can be affected by all of the following functions except

A)species recognition.
B)protection from predation.
C)thermoregulation.
D)warning coloration.
E)aesthetics.

Question 5

A plant with its floral structures arranged around a central axis has _________________ flowers.

Question 6

A protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region in order to regulate complementary RNA production is called a _________________ factor.

Question 7

The development of eyes has been intensively studied.Eyes of vertebrates and insects are

A)analogous (homoplastic),not homologous,yet the same Pax6 gene initiates development.
B)homologous,not analogous (homoplastic),yet the same Pax6 gene initiates development.
C)analogous (homoplastic),not homologous,and development is initiated by two different genes,Pax6 and Pax7.
D)homologous,not analogous (homoplastic),and development is initiated by two different genes,Pax6 and Pax7.
E)completely unrelated,and development is initiated by a whole suite of different genes in different species.

Question 8

Experiments with ribbon worms and planaria have shown that

A)it is easy to hybridize the two species in nature.
B)Pax6-related genes are not always required for eye regeneration.
C)the DNA of each is sufficiently similar that they can be hybridized in a lab setting.
D)their eyes are examples of convergent evolution.

Question 9

A major biological paradox is that genes are generally highly conserved and yet

A)there is very little difference among life forms existing today.
B)there is so much diversity among life forms existing today.
C)there are a huge number of ancestral genomes no matter how far back we look.
D)there are essentially identical development patterns in all species.
E)there is very little research into genomic sequences.

Question 10

A major paradox of development is how highly _________________ genes can produce diverse morphologies.

Question 11

Indirect development in sea urchins involves the presence of a _________________ stage.

Question 12

The evolution of eyespots on butterfly wings shows that they were adapted from different genes in different species.This is an example of _________________ evolution.

Question 13

Regarding genome sequences and organismal development,it is important to remember that

A)development occurs almost exactly the same way in closely related species.
B)development takes longer in some species than in others,and this time factor is important.
C)gene sequence within a chromosome determines the timing of the gene expression.
D)timing plays an important part in genome sequencing.
E)changing the timing of gene expression can have dramatic changes in development.

Question 14

Eyes in mammals and _____________ are examples of convergent evolution.

A)eyespots in butterflies
B)compound eyes in fruit flies
C)eyes in great apes
D)eyes in fish

Question 15

Another name for analogous structures is _________________ structures.

Question 16

One of the reasons why the model systems of yeast,Arabidopsis,nematode worms,fruit flies,and mice are so often used to study functional analysis of genes is because

A)they all have only a few chromosomes.
B)they are easy to cross with each other and observe polyploidy effects.
C)they have short life cycles.
D)they are easy to observe in the wilD.
E)they mutate easily leading to new genomic variations.

Question 17

A gene that triggers lens formation in the eyes of both vertebrates and insects is the _________________ gene.

Question 18

The Pax6 gene,responsible for initiating lens formation in mice,can be inserted into fruit flies and

A)causes cancer of the brain as it tries to initiate a mammalian eye.
B)forms a partial eye since it is somewhat similar to the Pax7 gene of fruit flies.
C)will have no effect,indicating the extreme differences in lens formation.
D)can be expressed to initiate formation of a fruit fly eye,but in the wrong place.
E)it is lethal to them.

Question 19

An alternation in the timing of a developmental event caused by a genetic mutation is called _________________.

Question 20

The transformation of one body part into another caused by genetic mutation is called _________________.

Question 21

The evolution of flower symmetry is best explained by

A)a new gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 22

The evolution of notochord development in ascidians is best explained by

A)a new gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 23

The evolution of cauliflower and broccoli from wild cabbage is best explained by

A)a single gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 24

HOX and MADS box genes have all of the following in common except

A)they evolved recently.
B)they encode transcription factors.
C)they influence when and where other genes are expressed.
D)their products have DNA-binding motifs.
E)they are highly conserved.

Question 25

Which of the following is not usually involved in the development of a new morphology?

A)evolution of a new gene to code for the new morphology
B)homeosis
C)heterochrony
D)changes in signaling pathways
E)changes in the regulatory sequence of a transcription factor gene

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the roles of AP3 and PI in petal development in the eudicots is false?

A)The PI and AP3 proteins can bind to each other.
B)The C terminus sequence of the AP3 protein specifies petal development.
C)The C terminus sequence of the AP3 protein is conserved among the ancestral flowering plants.
D)AP3 has an essential role in petal development encoded at its 3' enD.
E)The PI gene in eudicots retains an involvement in stamen development.

Question 27

The evolution of development of snout-length in cichlid fish is best explained by

A)a single gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 28

The evolution of initiation of limb development in tetrapods is best explained by

A)a new gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the initiation of limb development in tetrapods is false?

A)Forelimbs in birds and humans are homologous structures.
B)The development of homologous structures usually involves activation of the same genes.
C)Like Brachyury,Tbx5 has a T-box domain that codes for a transcription factor.
D)Tbx5 encoded protein turns on genes that initiate limb development.
E)Four dimensions are involved in the development of limbs-three spatial dimensions and timE.

Question 30

In the change from indirect development to direct development in sea urchins all of the following items are lost except

A)pluteus larvA.
B)metamorphosis.
C)planktonic stage.
D)developmental genes.
E)stage with bilateral symmetry.

Question 31

The evolution of insect wing patterns is best explained by

A)a new gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the evolution of cauliflower and broccoli from wild cabbage is false?

A)The function of the ancestral CAL gene was to produce a few simple flowers.
B)The stop codon within the CAL gene is a derived character for cauliflower and broccoli.
C)Natural selection favored the CAL gene with the stop codon over the ancestral CAL gene.
D)Cauliflower,broccoli,kale,and wild cabbage are all subspecies.
E)Broccoli and cauliflower have mass of undeveloped flowers.

Question 33

The evolution of petals through the AP3 gene is best explained by

A)a new gene mutation.
B)the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)gene duplication and divergence.
E)conserved genes.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about experiments to determine the roles of AP3 and PI in petal development is false?

A)ap3 mutant plants can produce stamens but not petals.
B)ap3 mutant plants with a complete AP3 C-terminus can produce petals.
C)ap3 mutant plants with no AP3 C-terminus can produce stamens.
D)ap3 mutant plants with a complete PI C-terminus cannot produce petals.
E)ap3 mutant plants with a complete PI C-terminus can produce some stamens.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the evolution of eyes is false?

A)The eyes of a fly,a squid,a human,and a planarian are homoplastic.
B)The eyes of a fly,a squid,a human,and a planarian evolved through convergence.
C)The eyes of vertebrates are homologous.
D)Different animal groups use different genes to code for eye development.
E)The common ancestor of most animal groups probably had the ability to detect light.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the evolution of insect wing patterns is false?

A)In insects,scales are evolutionarily derived from bristles.
B)Scales and bristles are regulated by the same underlying mechanisms.
C)Wing patterns,such as eyespots,are derived through the action of homologous genes on the distribution of scales in the wing.
D)Wing pattern development has involved co-option of existing control programs for new functions.
E)The gene sets whose functions have been co-opted to control wing pattern development differ in different insects.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the evolution of flower symmetry is false?

A)Daisies,roses,and tulips are flowers with radial symmetry.
B)Some radially symmetric flowers have ancestors with bilaterally symmetric flowers.
C)Having radially symmetric flowers is ancestral to having bilaterally symmetric flowers.
D)All cases of flowers with bilateral symmetry involve the CYCLOIDIA (CYC)gene.
E)Bilateral symmetry in some flowers is a homoplastic character derived through convergent evolution.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about the evolution of notochord development in ascidians is false?

A)The ancestral Brachyury gene exists in invertebrates.
B)Brachyury gene in ascidians has a role in notochord development.
C)In ascidians,the Brachyury T-box region encodes a transcription factor.
D)The Brachyury gene is not present in vertebrates.
E)Since invertebrates do not have notochords,the Brachyury gene must have evolved a new function.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the early evolution of flower development is false?

A)A MADS box gene duplicated to give rise to genes paleoAP3 and PI.
B)Stamen development is controlled by the genes paleoAP3 and PI.
C)paleoAP3 duplicated to form AP3 and an AP3 duplicate gene.
D)With the duplication of paleoAP3,AP3 gained a role in stamen development.
E)AP3 with a role in petal development is a derived character in the eudicots.

Question 40

Which of the following items is not an activity normally associated with functional gene analysis?

A)Experimentally determine the function of a gene in a species.
B)Compare sequences in different species.
C)Distinguish paralogs from orthologs.
D)Use bioinformatic tools.
E)Work only with model organisms.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the evolution of eyes in mice and fruit flies is false?

A)The gene Pax6 codes for a transcription factor involved in lens formation in the mouse.
B)In the fruit fly,the gene eyeless codes for a transcription factor involved in lens formation.
C)When the mouse gene Pax6 is inserted into a fruit fly;it forms a vertebrate-type lens on the fly's leg.
D)The sequences of the genes eyeless and Pax6 are very similar.
E)In blind cavefish,Pax6 gene expression is greatly reduced.

Question 42

Which of the following items does not clearly relate to the evolutionary paradox of development?

A)Closely related frogs can have very different patterns of development.
B)Most developmental genes are highly conserved.
C)Much of phenotypic variation is environmentally caused.
D)The developmental "toolkit" consists of a relatively small number of genes.
E)There is enormous diversity in organismal form and function.

Question 43

Which of the following observations does not support the hypothesis that the initiation of eye development in animals occurred only once.

A)In some organisms,Pax6-related genes are associated with development of the forehead.
B)A large number of different organism use Pax6-related genes in eye development.
C)The DNA sequence of Pax6-related genes in animals is uniformly similar.
D)The common ancestor of animals had a simple system for detecting light.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about the cichlid fish of Lake Malawi is false?

A)Within a few million years,hundreds of cichlid species evolved within this lake.
B)Hundreds of different genes determine the length of the jaw in these fish.
C)Jaw length determines overall body shape and size.
D)Many different unique niches exist within the lake,which the various cichlids occupy.
E)Evolution of this group of fish was very rapid.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about MADS box genes is false?

A)MADS box genes code for a family of transcription factors.
B)MADS box genes are widely distributed throughout eukaryotes.
C)The MADS box region is highly divergent;other regions are highly conserved.
D)MADS box genes establish the body plan in plants.
E)MADS box genes code for a DNA binding motif.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the evolution of eye development in the ribbon worm (Lineus sanquineus)and planaria is false?

A)Inactivating Pax6-related genes in planaria suppresses eyespot formation.
B)Pax6-related genes are not expressed in regeneration experiments with planaria.
C)A Pax6 homolog has been cloned in the ribbon worm.
D)The Pax6 homolog gene in the ribbon worm is expressed at sites where eyespots will develop.
E)Regeneration experiments involving expression of Pax6-related genes give different results in ribbon worm and planaria.