Deck 13: Motivating for Performance

Question 1

Motivation refers to forces that energize,direct,and sustain a person's efforts.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Managers should reward employees for multitasking.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

All behavior,except involuntary reflexes,is motivated.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Organizational behavior modification focuses on influencing people's behavior.

Question 5

The law of effect states that positive thoughts will result in positive behavioral outcomes.

Question 6

Motivation will be high if any one of the following is high: expectancy,instrumentalities,or total valence of all outcomes.

Question 7

Increasing expectancies,identifying positively valent outcomes,and making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes are all managerial implications of the expectancy theory.

Question 8

Understanding why people do the things they do on the job is an easy task for managers.

Question 9

Examples of positive reinforcers include compliments and pay raises.

Question 10

According to the expectancy theory,people develop important beliefs that link efforts,performances,and outcomes.

Question 11

Applying a consequence that decreases the likelihood of the person repeating the behavior that led to it is referred to as extinction.

Question 12

Instrumentality is employees' perception of the likelihood that their efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.

Question 13

The "T" in SMART,an acronym used by Microsoft for goal setting,stands for traceable.

Question 14

When they think it is warranted or when they believe others expect them to,managers use punishment.

Question 15

Punishing an employee is warranted if he or she tries something new and it doesn't work out.

Question 16

People tend to accept and pursue goals willingly if they are involved in setting them.

Question 17

Negative reinforcement is the actual delivery of an aversive consequence.

Question 18

Goal-setting theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end.

Question 19

Stretch goals are targets that are exceptionally demanding,sometimes even thought to be impossible.

Question 20

Individualized performance goals create cooperation and reduce competition.

Question 21

_____ refers to the forces that energize,direct,and sustain a person's efforts.

A) Benefaction
B) Arbitration
C) Motivation
D) Validation
E) Integration

Question 22

Low need for affiliation and moderate to high need for power are associated with managerial success.

Question 23

Targets that are particularly demanding and can generate a major shift away from mediocrity and toward tremendous achievement are known as:

A) challenge goals.
B) mountaintop goals.
C) reach goals.
D) summit goals.
E) stretch goals.

Question 24

Alderfer's ERG theory includes existence,relatedness,and growth needs.

Question 25

Empowerment is the process of centralizing power at the top level of an organization.

Question 26

Procedural justice refers to using a fair process in decision making and helping others know that the process was as fair as possible.

Question 27

The need for affiliation is characterized by a strong orientation toward success and goal attainment.

Question 28

A motivation theory stating that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end is:

A) the equity theory.
B) the path-goal theory.
C) the goal-setting theory.
D) the expectancy theory.
E) Maxwell's goal theory.

Question 29

Maslow's hierarchy of needs include psychological,growth,cultural,existence,and self-realization.

Question 30

Growth need strength is a measure of a leader's desire for power and authority.

Question 31

In job enrichment,workers are given additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.

Question 32

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job enrichment,people will perform better when they feel responsible,their job has meaning,and they know how well they are performing.

Question 33

A satisfied worker is always more productive than a dissatisfied one.

Question 34

According to equity theory,employees compare their outcomes and inputs to others' outcomes and inputs.

Question 35

Growth needs in Alderfer's ERG theory are similar to self-actualization needs in Maslow's needs hierarchy.

Question 36

Massive Waves is a surfboard manufacturer that has designed its job positions to ensure that people are attracted to the organization,show up every day,and work hard while they are there.Yet most employees stay no longer than five years.In this case,the company should focus more on motivating their employees to:

A) work as a team.
B) remain in the organization.
C) compete with others.
D) perform their work adequately.
E) exhibit good citizenship.

Question 37

An extrinsic reward is a reward a person derives directly from performing the job itself.

Question 38

According to Herzberg,characteristics of the workplace termed as hygiene factors will not motivate workers.

Question 39

Though not universally important,the needs for achievement,growth,and self-actualization are profoundly important in the United States,Canada,and Great Britain.

Question 40

A psychological contract refers specifically to what employees think is a fair wage or salary for the work that is required.

Question 41

According to a theory regarding performance-related beliefs,the effort-to-performance link is called:

A) instrumentality.
B) valence.
C) outcome.
D) viability.
E) expectancy.

Question 42

According to the expectancy theory,which of the following is the correct order of events?

A) Outcome,performance,effort
B) Performance,effort,outcome
C) Effort,outcome,performance
D) Performance,outcome,effort
E) Effort,performance,outcome

Question 43

Applying a desirable consequence to increase the likelihood that a behavior is repeated is known as:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) intrinsic support.
D) extrinsic support.
E) extinction.

Question 44

Positive consequences that motivate behavior are referred to as:

A) benefactors.
B) regulators.
C) reinforcers.
D) effectors.
E) sanctions.

Question 45

Gabrielle,a sales manager,often sets impossible performance goals for her team members as a result of which they never succeed and their motivation suffers.Eventually,the team members' performance started to deteriorate.Which of the following key consequences of behavior does this scenario exemplify?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Termination
D) Extinction
E) Empowerment

Question 46

According to organizational behavior modification,which of the following is a key consequence of behavior?

A) Arbitration
B) Empowerment
C) Centralization
D) Vigilance
E) Punishment

Question 47

Administering an aversive consequence is referred to as:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) extinction.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) arbitration.

Question 48

Roberto is a hardworking employee who has never received a reward for his good work from his boss.As a result,Roberto never expects his good work to be rewarded.According to the expectancy theory,Roberto's lack of expectation of being rewarded reveals:

A) low valence for the outcome.
B) low instrumentality.
C) high instrumentality.
D) high valence for the outcome.
E) high expectancy.

Question 49

_____ is people's perceived likelihood that their efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.

A) Instrumentality
B) Valence
C) Validation
D) Expectancy
E) Instinct

Question 50

The performance-to-outcome link in the expectancy theory is called:

A) valence.
B) instrumentality.
C) expectancy.
D) equity.
E) reinforcement.

Question 51

Failure to provide positive feedback for a job well done,resulting in lower motivation thereafter is an example of a(n):

A) punishment.
B) extinction.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) disempowerment.

Question 52

A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome is known as the:

A) expectancy theory.
B) ERG theory.
C) path-goal theory.
D) equity theory.
E) hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 53

Instrumentality is the:

A) perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
B) value that the expected outcome holds for the person contemplating it.
C) belief that performance will surely result in the perceived outcomes.
D) perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
E) perceived likelihood that a person will repeat the behavior that led to positive reinforcement.

Question 54

Withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence is referred to as:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) arbitration.
D) extinction.
E) affiliation.

Question 55

Giving an employee a pay raise is an example of a(n):

A) positive reinforcement.
B) informal reinforcement.
C) intrinsic reinforcement.
D) cognitive reinforcement.
E) primary reinforcement.

Question 56

Which of the following implies a consequence that is positive for the person receiving it?

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Extinction
D) Personalized power
E) Termination

Question 57

Ashton recently took an employee off probation because his performance had greatly improved.This is an example of a(n)_____ reinforcement.

A) tertiary
B) negative
C) neutral
D) primary
E) positive

Question 58

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement?

A) It involves administering an aversive consequence.
B) It refers to withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence.
C) It refers to the tendency to conclude that despite the effort the outcome would be bad.
D) It involves removing or withholding an undesirable consequence.
E) It refers to the lack of interest in the outcome of performancE.
Negative reinforcement is removing or withholding an undesirable consequencE.
For example,a manager takes an employee off probation because of improved performancE.

Question 59

Which of the following laws states that behavior that is followed by positive consequences will likely be repeated?

A) The law of consequences
B) The law of repetition
C) The law of demand
D) The law of effect
E) The law of definite proportion

Question 60

Removing or withholding an undesirable consequence is called:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) primary reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) punishment.
E) arbitration.

Question 61

According to McClelland,the most important needs for managers are the needs for:

A) achievement,affiliation,and power.
B) existence,relatedness,and growth.
C) motivation and hygiene.
D) equity and fair treatment.
E) self-actualization and ego.

Question 62

Which of the following forms the highest level of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) Social
B) Physiological
C) Ego
D) Self-actualization
E) Safety

Question 63

According to Maslow,which of the following needs includes the need for achievement,freedom,and recognition?

A) Physiological
B) Self-actualization
C) Safety
D) Ego
E) Social

Question 64

According to McClelland's research,the need for achievement is:

A) a desire to be liked by others.
B) a desire to influence others.
C) often perceived negatively.
D) important to most American managers.
E) a desire to control others.

Question 65

Giving an assembly worker an additional task to perform at the same time as her original one is known as job:

A) rotation.
B) enlargement.
C) integration.
D) development.
E) enrichment.

Question 66

A difference between Maslow's need hierarchy and Alderfer's ERG theory is that:

A) Maslow's theory states several needs can be satisfied at the same time,whereas Alderfer's ERG theory follows a specific structure.
B) Maslow's hierarchy has more scientific validity,whereas Alderfer's ERG theory does not.
C) Maslow's needs theory has general applicability,whereas Alderfer's ERG theory aims at understanding people's needs at work.
D) Alderfer's ERG theory focuses on five levels of needs,whereas Maslow's theory focuses only on three needs.
E) Alderfer's ERG theory is more popular among American managers,whereas Maslow's theory is not.

Question 67

Which of the following is a conception of human needs organizing needs into a pyramid of five major types?

A) Maslow's need hierarchy
B) Alderfer's needs theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) The Equity theory
E) McClelland's needs theory

Question 68

The reward a worker derives directly from performing the job itself is referred to as a(n)_____ reward.

A) extrinsic
B) high-level
C) intrinsic
D) low-level
E) external

Question 69

According to Maslow's need hierarchy,____.

A) several different needs can be operating at once
B) higher-level needs are more important than lower-level needs
C) people are motivated to satisfy the lower needs before the higher needs
D) once a need is satisfied,it becomes a powerful motivator
E) social needs include status,recognition,and self-esteem

Question 70

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following forms the lowest level of needs?

A) Social
B) Physiological
C) Ego
D) Safety
E) Self-actualization

Question 71

Giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom is referred to as:

A) job enrichment.
B) task significance.
C) job enlargement.
D) task orientation.
E) job development.

Question 72

Changing from one routine task to another to alleviate boredom is called job:

A) rotation.
B) enlargement.
C) enrichment.
D) development.
E) integration.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true regarding Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) It states that several different needs tend to be operating at once.
B) It states that higher needs need to be satisfied before lower needs.
C) It is a complex and an accurate theory of human motivation.
D) It holds that people satisfy their needs in a specific order.
E) It holds that once a need is satisfied,it becomes a powerful motivator.

Question 74

Alderfer's ERG theory postulates three sets of needs:

A) existence,relatedness,and growth.
B) engagement,realism,and governance.
C) employment,recognition,and gain sharing.
D) empowerment,resourcefulness,and guidance.
E) economic,realistic,and generic.

Question 75

According to McClelland,when the need for power is used as a negative force it is called:

A) customized power.
B) negative power.
C) antisocial power.
D) affective power.
E) personalized power.

Question 76

The rewards given to a person by the boss,the company,or some other person are known as _____ rewards.

A) extrinsic
B) high-level
C) intrinsic
D) low-level
E) internal

Question 77

Changing a task to make it inherently more rewarding,motivating,and satisfying is referred to as:

A) job development.
B) job enrichment.
C) job rotation.
D) task enlargement.
E) job enlargement.

Question 78

Which of the following best describes valence?

A) It is the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
B) It is the value the expected outcome holds for the person contemplating it.
C) It is the consequence resulting from performance.
D) It is the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain valuable goals.
E) It is the degree to which employees base their goals on their personal values.

Question 79

According to Maslow,_____ needs describe the need for friendship,affection,belonging,and love.

A) self-actualization
B) ego
C) safety or security
D) physiological
E) social

Question 80

Achievement,affiliation,personalized power,and socialized power are all components of:

A) the ERG theory.
B) the path-goal theory.
C) Maslow's need hierarchy.
D) McClelland's needs theory.
E) Alderfer's needs theory.