Deck 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?

A)root hair
B)cuticle
C)periderm
D)pith
E)phloem

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The prickly pear cactus has evolved spines that are its actual leaves. The evolutionary adaptation of these modified leaves is

A)defence.
B)protection from UV radiation.
C)to increase water absorption.
D)to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
E)Two of the above statements are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the plant?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)trichomes
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)sclerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 5

Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except

A)mesodermal.
B)epidermal.
C)meristematic.
D)vascular.
E)ground tissue.

Question 6

When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating?

A)immature flowers
B)large axillary buds
C)petioles
D)storage leaves
E)storage roots

Question 7

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

A)Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell
B)Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C)Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D)Cortex; pith
E)Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Question 8

One major advantage of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is its

A)fast generation time.
B)exceptionally large genome.
C)large seeds.
D)high tolerance to stress.
E)high mutation rate.

Question 9

Studies using Arabidopsis thaliana have led to important advances in all of the following except

A)gene mapping.
B)impact of point mutations on gene function.
C)gene expression during plant development.
D)evolutionary history of plants.
E)how genes potentially interact with other genes.

Question 10

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)sclerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 11

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.

A)The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.
B)The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells.
C)The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal.
D)The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.

Question 12

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A)taproots
B)root hairs
C)the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D)storage roots
E)sections of the root that have secondary xylem

Question 13

CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the

A)cuticle.
B)epidermal trichomes.
C)stoma.
D)phloem.
E)walls of guard cells.

Question 14

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

A)cortex.
B)stele.
C)endodermis.
D)periderm.
E)pith.

Question 15

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?

A)root hair-dermal tissue
B)palisade parenchyma-ground tissue
C)guard cell-dermal tissue
D)companion cell-ground tissue
E)tracheid-vascular tissue

Question 16

The total number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because

A)most genes are never turned on.
B)many genes are repeats.
C)this does not take into account the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA.
D)this does not take into account mRNA-mRNA interactions.
E)this does not take into account protein-mRNA interactions.

Question 17

Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?

A)tracheids
B)mature mesophyll cells
C)companion cells
D)meristematic cells
E)glandular cells

Question 18

Which of the following structure-function pairs is incorrectly matched?

A)green roots-important for photosynthesis in some species of aerial plants with few leaves
B)root hairs-increase surface area of roots for water and mineral absorption
C)bulbs-underground roots that store food
D)prop roots-support tall, top-heavy trees that grow in unstable soil
E)pneumatophores-air roots that project above water allowing oxygen to enter

Question 19

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except

A)vessel elements.
B)sieve cells.
C)tracheids.
D)companion cells.
E)cambium cells.

Question 20

Plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they contain

A)supporting sclerenchyma cells.
B)undifferentiated epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue.
C)stem cells that are constantly dividing.
D)undifferentiated tissues called meristems.
E)well-developed xylem and phloem.

Question 21

Which of the following best describes advantages conferred by compound leaves versus simple leaves?

A)There is a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas.
B)There is less chance of damage in high-wind areas.
C)There is a reduced chance of herbivory.
D)There is less surface area for water loss.
E)There is a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less chance of damage in high-wind areas.

Question 22

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

A)parenchyma
B)xylem
C)endodermis
D)collenchyma
E)sclerenchyma

Question 23

All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except

A)mesophyll-photosynthesis.
B)guard cell-regulation of transpiration.
C)sieve-tube member-translocation.
D)vessel element-water transport.
E)companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

Question 24

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

A)endodermis
B)phloem
C)cortex
D)epidermis
E)pericycle

Question 25

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

A)I, II, V, III, IV
B)III, V, I, II, IV
C)II, IV, I, V, III
D)IV, II, III, I, V
E)I, V, III, II, IV

Question 26

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as

A)perennial.
B)weedy.
C)indeterminate.
D)derivative.
E)primary.

Question 27

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

A)attract pollinators.
B)absorb ions.
C)photosynthesize.
D)produce more cells.
E)produce flowers.

Question 28

A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?

A)zone of cell division
B)zone of elongation
C)zone of maturation
D)root cap
E)apical meristem

Question 29

Axillary buds

A)are initiated by the cork cambium.
B)have dormant meristematic cells.
C)are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D)grow immediately into shoot branches.
E)do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

Question 30

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A)only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
B)root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
C)a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
D)vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
E)leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

Question 31

Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell

A)as a gas.
B)as a liquid.
C)covalently bound to sugars.
D)coupled to ion transport.
E)via endocytosis.

Question 32

A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be

A)development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem.
B)cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem.
C)preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem.
D)elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem.
E)formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

Question 33

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?

A)Only primary growth is localized at meristems.
B)Some plants lack secondary growth.
C)Only stems have secondary growth.
D)Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures.
E)Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Question 34

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

A)cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
B)cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.
C)cell division localized in each internode.
D)cell elongation localized in each internode.
E)cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

Question 35

A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and store photosynthate would be a

A)parenchyma cell in a leaf.
B)vessel element in the vascular system.
C)endodermal cell in a root.
D)bark cell.
E)fibre cell.

Question 36

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?

A)sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B)periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots
C)pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D)mesophyll-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves
E)ground meristem-primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

Question 37

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called

A)hairs.
B)xylem cells.
C)phloem cells.
D)stomata.
E)sclereids.

Question 38

Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division?

A)mesophyll cell in a developing leaf
B)parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root
C)parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud
D)functional tracheid cell in a stem

Question 39

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

A)epidermis
B)palisade mesophyll
C)spongy mesophyll
D)vascular tissue
E)bundle sheath

Question 40

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

A)continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
B)continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the centre of the apical meristem.
C)elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
D)the elongation of root hairs.
E)continuous cell division of root cap cells.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is false?

A)A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell.
B)The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body.
C)Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis.
D)Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."
E)Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

Question 42

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

A)herbaceous eudicot
B)woody eudicot
C)woody monocot
D)herbaceous monocot
E)woody annual

Question 43

What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant?

A)increases apical dominance
B)inhibits the growth of lateral buds
C)produces a plant that will grow taller
D)stimulates lateral buds to grow
E)increases the flow of auxin down the shoot

Question 44

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that

A)plant development is not under genetic control.
B)the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes.
C)cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression.
D)a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation.
E)sexual reproduction is not necessary in plants.

Question 45

What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest?

A)closing of the stomata
B)lateral buds
C)apical dominance
D)absence of petioles
E)intercalary meristems

Question 46

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

A)primary xylem
B)secondary xylem
C)secondary phloem
D)mesophyll cells
E)vascular cambium

Question 47

Secondary growth is best described as

A)consisting mostly of mesophyll layers.
B)a growth in thickness caused by lateral meristems.
C)a growth in height caused by apical meristems.
D)structural, photosynthetic, protective.
E)dependent on water- and sugar-conducting cells.

Question 48

A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s)will develop in this plant?

A)sepals
B)petals
C)stamens
D)carpels
E)both sepals and petals

Question 49

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

A)dermal and ground tissue.
B)lateral tissues.
C)pith.
D)secondary tissues.
E)shoots and roots.

Question 50

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

A)vascular cambium
B)apical meristem
C)endodermis
D)phloem
E)xylem

Question 51

While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces coloured spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred?

A)The differently coloured plants will attract different pollinating insects.
B)The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.
C)The coloured regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals.
D)The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.
E)More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

Question 52

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?

A)A genes only
B)B genes only
C)C genes only
D)A and B genes only
E)A and C genes only

Question 53

A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following?

A)pruning shoot tips
B)deep watering of the roots
C)fertilizing
D)treating the plants with auxins
E)feeding the plants nutrients

Question 54

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Which function applies to the cells shown in the photograph in the figure above?

A)provide flexible support
B)contain secondary walls to provide rigid support
C)can store starch in stems and roots
D)function in water movement
E)can be used commercially for making rope

Question 55

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the centre of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem)outward, you would cross, in order,

A)the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.
B)the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.
C)the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
D)the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
E)the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

Question 56

Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must

A)differentiate into procambium.
B)undergo dedifferentiation.
C)increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei.
D)enzymatically digest their primary cell walls.
E)establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

Question 57

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in the figure above?

A)They are parenchyma cells.
B)They are photosynthetic.
C)They are usually found in roots.
D)They are phloem cells.
E)They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

Question 58

The polarity of a plant is established when

A)the zygote divides.
B)cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo.
C)the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo.
D)the primary root breaks through the seed coat.
E)the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates.

Question 59

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

A)secondary xylem
B)leaves
C)trichomes
D)tubers
E)cortex

Question 60

Which of the following is a true statement?

A)Flowers may have secondary growth.
B)Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C)Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D)Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E)Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Question 61

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?

A)sclerenchyma cells
B)parenchyma cells
C)sieve-tube elements
D)root hairs
E)vessel elements

Question 62

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.

In a woody eudicot, bark cannot be described as

A)consisting only of the protective outer covering.
B)consisting of all tissues external to the vascular cambium.
C)containing secondary phloem and periderm.
D)not including heartwood and sapwood.

Question 63

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

A)core.
B)pericycle.
C)endodermis.
D)pith.
E)vascular cambium.

Question 64

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

A)bark.
B)periderm.
C)secondary xylem.
D)secondary phloem.
E)cork.

Question 65

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.

A plant that is at least three years old is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 66

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s)that George left functional was/were the

A)phloem.
B)xylem.
C)cork cambium.
D)cortex.
E)companion and sieve-tube members.

Question 67

Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

A)carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B)petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C)sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D)sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E)carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

Question 68

The following questions refer to the description below.
You are taking a group of students on a nature walk around the university campus. Several students come up and show you oak leaves they collected from one tree. The students are confused as to why you they see such variation in leaf size if all the leaves came from one tree and are genetically identical.
Using the example of the oak leaves, what is the best explanation for why a single genotype can produce different phenotypes?

A)The smaller leaves are not fully grown yet, and will keep growing until they reach their full size.
B)Shade leaves are large, providing a large surface area for absorption of light, whereas leaves that grow in the sun receive abundant light and have a smaller surface area to decrease water loss.
C)The oak tree consists of two genotypes; someone had grafted a branch from another oak tree.
D)Smaller leaves may have a mutation that inhibits growth and photosynthesis.

Question 69

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.

A monocot stem is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 70

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

A)secondary xylem
B)leaves
C)dermal tissue
D)tubers
E)secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Question 71

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

A)cell differentiation.
B)morphogenesis.
C)cell division.
D)cell elongation.
E)reproduction.

Question 72

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 metres tall. The nail is about 1.5 metres from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 metres. About how many metres above the ground is the nail?

A)0.5
B)1.5
C)3.0
D)15.0
E)28.5

Question 73

An organism inherits genetic information from its parents, but it is also influenced by its environment. The ability of plants to alter their form in response to local environmental conditions is referred to as

A)morphological differences.
B)genetic influences.
C)environmental pressures.
D)phenotypic or developmental plasticity.
E)adaptability.

Question 74

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.

A woody eudicot is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 75

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

A)a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.
B)the initiation of secondary growth.
C)the formation of lateral roots.
D)a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems.
E)the activation of floral meristem identity genes.