Question 1

The total number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because

Accepted Answer

A) most genes are never turned on. 
B) many genes are repeats. 
C) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. 
D) this does not take into account mRNA-mRNA interactions. 
E) this does not take into account protein-mRNA interactions. 
A) most genes are never turned on. 
B) many genes are repeats. 
C) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. 
D) this does not take into account mRNA-mRNA interactions. 
E) this does not take into account protein-mRNA interactions. C

Question 2

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

Accepted Answer

A) bark. 
B) periderm. 
C) secondary xylem. 
D) secondary phloem. 
E) cork. 
A) bark. 
B) periderm. 
C) secondary xylem. 
D) secondary phloem. 
E) cork. C

Question 3

Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell

Accepted Answer

A) as a gas. 
B) as a liquid. 
C) covalently bound to sugars. 
D) coupled to ion transport. 
E) via endocytosis. 
A) as a gas. 
B) as a liquid. 
C) covalently bound to sugars. 
D) coupled to ion transport. 
E) via endocytosis. B

Question 4

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

Accepted Answer

A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem. 
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem. 
C) cell division localized in each internode. 
D) cell elongation localized in each internode. 
E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem. 
A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem. 
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem. 
C) cell division localized in each internode. 
D) cell elongation localized in each internode. 
E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

Question 5

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

Accepted Answer

A) secondary xylem 
B) leaves 
C) dermal tissue 
D) tubers 
E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers 
A) secondary xylem 
B) leaves 
C) dermal tissue 
D) tubers 
E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Question 6

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 metres tall. The nail is about 1.5 metres from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 metres. About how many metres above the ground is the nail?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.5 
B) 1.5 
C) 3.0 
D) 15.0 
E) 28.5 
A) 0.5 
B) 1.5 
C) 3.0 
D) 15.0 
E) 28.5

Question 7

A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be

Accepted Answer

A) development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem. 
B) cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem. 
C) preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem. 
D) elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem. 
E) formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem. 
A) development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem. 
B) cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem. 
C) preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem. 
D) elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem. 
E) formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

Question 8

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except

Accepted Answer

A) vessel elements. 
B) sieve cells. 
C) tracheids. 
D) companion cells. 
E) cambium cells. 
A) vessel elements. 
B) sieve cells. 
C) tracheids. 
D) companion cells. 
E) cambium cells.

Question 9

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

Accepted Answer

A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. 
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not. 
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots. 
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. 
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not. 
A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. 
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not. 
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots. 
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. 
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

Question 10

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.

Accepted Answer

A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. 
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells. 
C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. 
D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made. 
A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. 
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells. 
C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. 
D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.

Question 11

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.
  
-In a woody eudicot, bark cannot be described as

Accepted Answer

A) consisting only of the protective outer covering. 
B) consisting of all tissues external to the vascular cambium. 
C) containing secondary phloem and periderm. 
D) not including heartwood and sapwood. 
A) consisting only of the protective outer covering. 
B) consisting of all tissues external to the vascular cambium. 
C) containing secondary phloem and periderm. 
D) not including heartwood and sapwood.

Question 12

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?

Accepted Answer

A) Only primary growth is localized at meristems. 
B) Some plants lack secondary growth. 
C) Only stems have secondary growth. 
D) Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures. 
E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth. 
A) Only primary growth is localized at meristems. 
B) Some plants lack secondary growth. 
C) Only stems have secondary growth. 
D) Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures. 
E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Question 13

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

Accepted Answer

A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root. 
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the centre of the apical meristem. 
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem. 
D) the elongation of root hairs. 
E) continuous cell division of root cap cells. 
A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root. 
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the centre of the apical meristem. 
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem. 
D) the elongation of root hairs. 
E) continuous cell division of root cap cells.

Question 14

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
-Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, V, III, IV 
B) III, V, I, II, IV 
C) II, IV, I, V, III 
D) IV, II, III, I, V 
E) I, V, III, II, IV 
A) I, II, V, III, IV 
B) III, V, I, II, IV 
C) II, IV, I, V, III 
D) IV, II, III, I, V 
E) I, V, III, II, IV

Question 15

Secondary growth is best described as

Accepted Answer

A) consisting mostly of mesophyll layers. 
B) a growth in thickness caused by lateral meristems. 
C) a growth in height caused by apical meristems. 
D) structural, photosynthetic, protective. 
E) dependent on water- and sugar-conducting cells. 
A) consisting mostly of mesophyll layers. 
B) a growth in thickness caused by lateral meristems. 
C) a growth in height caused by apical meristems. 
D) structural, photosynthetic, protective. 
E) dependent on water- and sugar-conducting cells.

Question 16

The prickly pear cactus has evolved spines that are its actual leaves. The evolutionary adaptation of these modified leaves is

Accepted Answer

A) defence. 
B) protection from UV radiation. 
C) to increase water absorption. 
D) to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. 
E) Two of the above statements are correct. 
A) defence. 
B) protection from UV radiation. 
C) to increase water absorption. 
D) to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. 
E) Two of the above statements are correct.

Question 17

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

Accepted Answer

A) cell differentiation. 
B) morphogenesis. 
C) cell division. 
D) cell elongation. 
E) reproduction. 
A) cell differentiation. 
B) morphogenesis. 
C) cell division. 
D) cell elongation. 
E) reproduction.

Question 18

The polarity of a plant is established when

Accepted Answer

A) the zygote divides. 
B) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo. 
C) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo. 
D) the primary root breaks through the seed coat. 
E) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates. 
A) the zygote divides. 
B) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo. 
C) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo. 
D) the primary root breaks through the seed coat. 
E) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates.

Question 19

Axillary buds

Accepted Answer

A) are initiated by the cork cambium. 
B) have dormant meristematic cells. 
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes. 
D) grow immediately into shoot branches. 
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot. 
A) are initiated by the cork cambium. 
B) have dormant meristematic cells. 
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes. 
D) grow immediately into shoot branches. 
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

Question 20

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below.
  
-A monocot stem is represented by

Accepted Answer

A) I only. 
B) II only. 
C) III only. 
D) IV only. 
E) both I and III. 
A) I only. 
B) II only. 
C) III only. 
D) IV only. 
E) both I and III.

Exam 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

The total number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 metres tall. The nail is about 1.5 metres from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 metres. About how many metres above the ground is the nail?

A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below. -In a woody eudicot, bark cannot be described as

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root. I. root cap II. zone of elongation III. zone of cell division IV. zone of cell maturation V. apical meristem -Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

Secondary growth is best described as

The prickly pear cactus has evolved spines that are its actual leaves. The evolutionary adaptation of these modified leaves is

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

The polarity of a plant is established when

Axillary buds

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown below. -A monocot stem is represented by

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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