Deck 16: Disorders in Immunity

Question 1

Histamine causes all of the following except

A)increased sensitivity to pain.
B)constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine.
C)relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
D)wheal and flare reaction in skin.
E)pruritis and headache.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which type/s of hypersensitivities is IgG is involved with?

A)anaphylaxis
B)antibody-mediated
C)immune complex-mediated
D)Both anaphylaxis and antibody-mediated.
E)Both antibody-mediated and immune complex-mediated.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What will be the immediate action of an allergen when it enters the body for a second time?

A)degranulation
B)bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C)binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
D)histamine acts on smooth muscle
E)prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?

A)degranulation
B)bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C)binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
D)histamine acts on smooth muscle
E)prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 5

A chronic,local allergy such as hay fever is considered

A)delayed.
B)T-cell-mediated.
C)atopic.
D)antibody-mediated.
E)systemic anaphylactic.

Question 6

Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?

A)ingestant
B)inhalant
C)injectant
D)contactant

Question 7

Allergies run in families because

A)immunoglobulins pass from mother to fetus.
B)immunoglobulins pass through breast milk.
C)the variable region of antibodies is genetically determined.
D)the relative production of IgE is inherited.

Question 8

The major categories of hypersensitivities that typically involve a B-cell immunoglobulin response include

A)type I only.
B)type I and type IV.
C)type IV only.
D)type I,type II,and type III.
E)type I,type II,type III,and type IV.

Question 9

Which is mismatched?

A)food allergy - type I hypersensitivity
B)poison ivy dermatitis - type IV hypersensitivity
C)serum sickness - type III hypersensitivity
D)transfusion reaction - type II hypersensitivity
E)hay fever - type IV hypersensitivity

Question 10

Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category

A)type I only.
B)type I and type IV.
C)type IV only.
D)type I,type II,and type III.
E)type I,type II,type III,and type IV.

Question 11

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is

A)humoralpathology.
B)hemopathology.
C)epidemiology.
D)immunopathology.
E)histopathology.

Question 12

Any heightened immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a/an

A)autoimmune disease.
B)immunodeficiency.
C)hypersensitivity.
D)transfusion reaction.
E)desensitization.

Question 13

The initial encounter with an allergen is called the _____ dose.

A)sensitizing
B)provocative
C)allergic
D)hypersensitivity
E)desensitizing

Question 14

A second encounter with an allergen that causes a response is called the _____ dose.

A)sensitizing
B)provocative
C)allergic
D)hypersensitivity
E)desensitizing

Question 15

The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm,vascular permeability,and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is

A)prostaglandin.
B)histamine.
C)leukotriene.
D)serotonin.
E)platelet-activating factor.

Question 16

Allergic reactions to penicillins are considered a/n _____ hypersensitivity.

A)T-cell-mediated
B)antibody-mediated
C)immune complex-mediated
D)immediate
E)Both T-cell-mediated and antibody-mediated are correct.

Question 17

A systemic,sometimes fatal,reaction with airway obstruction and circulatory collapse is

A)delayed.
B)T-cell-mediated.
C)atopic.
D)antibody-mediated.
E)systemic anaphylaxis.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a possible outcome of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A)rhinitis
B)rashes
C)sneezing
D)diarrhea
E)contact dermatitis

Question 19

Fungal spores and animal dander are considered to be which type of allergen?

A)ingestant
B)inhalant
C)injectant
D)contactant

Question 20

Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?

A)degranulation
B)bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C)binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
D)histamine acting on smooth muscle
E)prostaglandins causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 21

Human blood types involve all of the following except

A)MHC genes.
B)ABO antigen markers.
C)inheritance of two of three possible alleles.
D)genetically determined glycoprotein markers.
E)genes that code for an enzyme that adds a terminal carbohydrate to RBC receptors.

Question 22

All of the following are involved in type II hypersensitivity except

A)IgM.
B)IgG.
C)IgE.
D)complement.
E)foreign cells.

Question 23

Corticosteroids will

A)inhibit the activity of lymphocytes.
B)bind to histamine receptors on target organs.
C)block synthesis of leukotrienes.
D)relieve inflammatory symptoms.
E)reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles.

Question 24

A person with O type blood

A)lacks all of the alleles for ABO blood type.
B)lacks A and B antigens.
C)could not have the Rh factor.
D)is called a universal recipient.

Question 25

A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is

A)atopic dermatitis.
B)eczema.
C)allergic rhinitis.
D)asthma.
E)anaphylaxis.

Question 26

Contact dermatitis involves

A)a sensitizing and provocative dose.
B)an allergen entering the skin.
C)T lymphocytes secreting inflammatory cytokines.
D)the production of itchy papules and blisters.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Large quantities of antibodies that react to the second entry of antigen and lead to formation of antigen-antibody complexes occurs in

A)serum sickness.
B)delayed hypersensitivity.
C)anaphylaxis.
D)hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 28

Transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause

A)recipient antibody activation of the complement cascade to attack the RBCs.
B)fever and anemia.
C)systemic shock and kidney failure.
D)massive hemolysis of the donor RBCs.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

All of the following are associated with IgE and mast-cell-mediated allergy except

A)drug allergy.
B)eczema.
C)anaphylaxis.
D)allergic asthma.
E)systemic lupus erythematosus.

Question 30

What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?

A)host rejection of graft
B)graft versus host disease
C)formation of autoantibodies
D)hypogammaglobulinemia

Question 31

Once a mother has been sensitized to the Rh factor,

A)all other Rh⁺ fetuses are at risk.
B)she can be given RhoGAM in future pregnancies to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.
C)she can never again have a low risk pregnancy.
D)only future Rh^- fetuses are at risk.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 32

Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?

A)Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues.
B)It involves production of IgE antibodies.
C)It involves an immune complex reaction.
D)The Arthus reaction is a local response.
E)Serum sickness is a systemic response.

Question 33

Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a/an

A)isograft.
B)autograft.
C)allograft.
D)xenograft.
E)hypograft.

Question 34

The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when

A)maternal Rh⁺ cells enter an Rh^- fetus.
B)fetal Rh⁺ cells enter an Rh^- mother.
C)maternal Rh^- cells enter an Rh⁺ fetus.
D)fetal Rh^- cells enter an Rh⁺ mother.
E)fetal Rh⁺ cells enter an Rh⁺ mother.

Question 35

Epinephrine

A)is an antihistamine.
B)reverses constriction of airways.
C)causes desensitization.
D)inhibits the activity of lymphocytes.

Question 36

An antihistamine will

A)inhibit the activity of lymphocytes.
B)bind to histamine receptors on target organs.
C)block synthesis of leukotrienes.
D)relieve inflammatory symptoms.
E)reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles.

Question 37

Which of the following is not a target for immune complex deposition?

A)blood vessels and skin
B)heart and lungs
C)brain
D)joints
E)kidneys

Question 38

The serum of a person with blood type A and Rh^- will have the ability to make which of the following antibodies?

A)anti-A and anti-Rh
B)anti-B and anti-Rh
C)anti-A
D)anti-B
E)anti-A,anti-B,and anti-Rh

Question 39

A female who is Rh^-

A)inherited two dominant genes.
B)is in the majority of the population with regard to Rh status.
C)is at risk for a pregnancy resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn.
D)can never have an Rh+ baby.

Question 40

Allergic patients receiving small,controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing

A)desensitization.
B)sensitization.
C)tissue matching.
D)degranulation.

Question 41

The tuberculin reaction develops within 30 minutes of the skin test in people with prior sensitization due to tuberculosis infection.

Question 42

Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except

A)rheumatoid arthritis.
B)myasthenia gravis.
C)Graves' disease.
D)tuberculin reaction.
E)multiple sclerosis.

Question 43

Degranulation of mast cells leads to

A)airway obstruction.
B)headache.
C)dilated blood vessels.
D)constricted bronchioles.

Question 44

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)are due to

A)autoantibodies.
B)delayed hypersensitivity.
C)congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland.
D)failure of B-cell development and maturity.
E)a genetic defect in the development of both T cells and B cells.

Question 45

DiGeorge syndrome is the result of

A)autoantibodies.
B)delayed hypersensitivity.
C)congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland.
D)failure of B-cell development and maturity.
E)a genetic defect in the development of both T cells and B cells.

Question 46

Autoimmunity is typically due to

A)transfusion reaction.
B)IgE and mast cells.
C)autoantibodies and T cells.
D)graft rejection.
E)a deficiency in T-cell development.

Question 47

All of the following are autoimmune diseases except

A)systemic lupus erythematosus.
B)Graves' disease.
C)type I diabetes.
D)metastatic cancer.
E)rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 48

In the theory for allergic desensitization,which immunoglobulin blocks the allergen from binding with IgE?

A)IgE
B)IgG
C)IgA
D)IgD
E)IgM

Question 49

Which of the following is not a theory to explain the origin of autoimmune diseases?

A)sequestered antigen theory
B)forbidden clone theory
C)molecular mimicry theory
D)theory of bystander effect
E)All the choices are currently being investigated as possible explanations.

Question 50

Systemic anaphylaxis can quickly result in airway blockage,shock,and death.

Question 51

A person who is Rh^- will have anti-Rh antibodies in his/her serum from early infancy.

Question 52

During graft rejection,cytotoxic T cells of the recipient recognize and respond to foreign class I MHC receptors on the grafted cells.

Question 53

Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against

A)myelin sheath cells of the nervous system.
B)acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle.
C)acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle.
D)sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane.
E)cells in thyroid follicles.

Question 54

What can be a consequence of a genetic deficiency in B-cell survival and maturity?

A)host rejection of graft
B)graft versus host disease
C)formation of autoantibodies
D)hypogammaglobulinemia

Question 55

Food allergies include gastrointestinal symptoms and often hives.

Question 56

All of the following can result in acquired immune deficiency except

A)malnutrition.
B)stress.
C)pregnancy.
D)bacterial infection.
E)radiation treatment.

Question 57

In multiple sclerosis,autoantibodies attack

A)myelin sheath cells of the nervous system.
B)acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle.
C)acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle.
D)sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane.
E)cells in thyroid follicles.

Question 58

The allergen in poison ivy plants is an oil called urushiol.

Question 59

Allergic rhinitis is also known as asthma.

Question 60

An example of a secondary acquired immunodeficiency is

A)AIDS.
B)adenosine deaminase (ADA)deficiency.
C)DiGeorge syndrome.
D)agammaglobulinemia.
E)SCID.

Question 61

You have a dermatitis related to a particular material in your socks.Your feet are covered with a really itchy rash,which has developed blisters over the last day or so.You had first worn them 2 to 3 days ago,and you did not launder them after buying them at the store.Finding some anti-histamine medication in your bathroom cabinet,you decide to take it to relieve the itching rash believing:

A)The rash will go away because the anti-histamine neutralizes the histamine chemicals coming from mast cells in your skin.
B)The anti-histamine will make the rash worse.The anti-histamine chemical in the medication reacts with chemicals release by the lymphocytes in your skin,creating a much worse reaction.
C)The anti-histamine will have no effect on the rash because histamine is not the chemical mediator in this hypersensitivity.
D)The anti-histamine will have no effect because once a type I hypersensitivity kicks in,it will last for a few days.

Question 62

Predict why insect stings and medication injections more often provoke anaphylactic shock,as compared to other allergens found in food or in air.

A)The allergens go directly into the blood in large amounts,compared to allergens entering the digestive tract or respiratory tract.
B)Chemicals from insects cause a combination of antibody types to be produced,resulting in much larger amounts of total antibody.
C)Chemicals injected as medications cause problems in immune response,resulting in a reduced immune coverage.
D)Histamine is overproduced as a result of injected chemicals.

Question 63

A xenograft is graft tissue from a donor of one species transplanted to a recipient of another species.

Question 64

You were out in the garage going through boxes when you were bitten by an a spider.You tell the doctor that the spider was tiny and black,causing the doctor to think perhaps that it was a black widow spider The doctor gives you an injection of antibody to the spider venom to give you immediate protection.The antibody is produced in horses by injecting them with small doses of the spider venom,causing the horse's immune system to make large amounts of specific antibody to the antigen.The horse serum is then purified before being given to humans.
A week later,you notice a red rash spreading away from the injection spot,where the doctor gave you the anti-venom shot.A few days later,the rash has spread and swelling in also present.You have joint pain as well as sore muscles all over your body.The lymph nodes in the armpit are swollen and painful.Going back to the doctor,he diagnoses you with:

A)a Staphylococcus infection related to the spider bite.
B)anaphylactic shock.
C)a delayed type hypersensitivity mediated by cytotoxic T cells along with helper T cells.
D)serum sickness.
E)Arthus reaction.

Question 65

A viral infection can lead to the development of type I diabetes.

Question 66

John,a Peace Corps worker in the country of Mali in Africa,was in a car accident while traveling through a rural area.He was treated at a tiny rural hospital,and due to his loss of blood required a transfusion.John is B- blood type and has never received a transfusion before.Which statement is correct regarding this scenario?

A)He can safely receive O- blood even though he makes anti-A antibodies.
B)He can be give types O or B,no matter whether Rh- or Rh+.At this point in time,he does not have anti-Rh antibody.O has no antigens on the blood cells,so he is also safe to receive that type in addition to his own B type.
C)He can be given A+ blood type,in addition to B+.Rh- means that he makes no antibody to Rh.
D)The preferred blood type to give John,in addition to his own B type blood,would be AB.Both types of blood have the B antigen on the cells,so they would correspond to his own antigens.As for Rh,he can receive only Rh- blood since he would have a reaction against Rh+.

Question 67

AIDS is a secondary immunodeficiency disease that affects several types of immune cells.

Question 68

In the situation of systemic lupus erythematosis (called lupus),complexes of antibody and antigen form and these immune complexes insert themselves into small blood vessels,joints,heart,and kidney,causing damage to the organ tissue.The course of the disease is unpredictable,with periods of illness alternating with remissions.How is lupus,a type III hypersensitivity,similar to infectious allergy,a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A)The mechanism of both lupus and infectious allergy involve large amounts of inflammatory chemicals released into tissue.
B)Both lupus and infectious allergy involve large amounts of antibody production.
C)Both lupus and infectious allergy are immediate-type hypersensitivities,occurring within a few hours.
D)Both lupus and infectious allergy have IgE in their mechanisms.

Question 69

The most common immunoglobulin deficiency is an IgG deficiency.

Question 70

Many men make antibodies to sperm,resulting in destruction of sperm to the point of sterility.What would be the likely origin of this autoimmune disease?

A)Since sperm are not made until after puberty,the immune system cannot scan the antigens on the sperm for immune tolerance.After sperm are made and the immune system sees them,they are recognized as foreign.
B)Antigens on sperm cells are similar to antigens on a variety of bacteria,like Streptococcus.After a strep throat,caused by Streptococcus,the immune system produces antibodies to streptococcal antigens,which then cross react with sperm antigens,destroying them.
C)T helper cells erroneously identify sperm cells as foreign invaders,triggering the T cytotoxic cells to start killing sperm.
D)These antibodies are produced as a result of mutations in T lymphocytes,causing them to make large amounts of antibody.

Question 71

Place these events in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis in order,with 1 being the first step.
- chemical absorbed through skin
- antigen identified by dendritic cell
- cytokine chemicals attract macrophages,dendritic cells,and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to site of antigen
- sensitized T lymphocytes recognize antigen and make cytokine chemicals
-chemicals released from phagocytic cells and cytotoxic T cells,resulting in host tissue damage

Question 72

Eczema is an autoimmune disorder.