Deck 13: Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease

Question 1

All of the following genera are considered resident biota of skin sites except

A)Escherichia.
B)Staphylococcus.
C)Corynebacterium.
D)Micrococcus.
E)Candida.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

A)in food.
B)the patient's own normal biota.
C)on fomites.
D)in the air.
E)transmitted from one person to another.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which is not terminology used for resident biota?

A)pathogenic biota
B)normal biota
C)indigenous biota
D)normal microbiota
E)commensals

Question 5

The effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is called

A)microbial antagonism.
B)endogenous infection.
C)infectious disease.
D)axenic.
E)gnotobiotism.

Question 6

Normal biota includes each of the following except

A)bacteria.
B)fungi.
C)protozoans.
D)viruses.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?

A)genetic defects in immunity
B)physical and mental stress
C)strong,healthy body
D)chemotherapy
E)old age

Question 8

Based upon new information from the Human Microbiome Project,the human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota

A)before birth,in utero.
B)during and immediately after birth.
C)when a child first goes to school.
D)when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E)during puberty.

Question 9

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called

A)exogenous.
B)an exotoxin.
C)an enterotoxin.
D)endogenous.
E)axenic.

Question 10

Resident biota are found in/on the

A)skin.
B)mouth.
C)nasal passages.
D)large intestine.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

Opportunistic pathogens

A)cause disease in every individual.
B)cause disease in compromised individuals.
C)are always pathogens.
D)have well-developed virulence factors.

Question 12

Which genus is resident biota of the mouth,large intestine,and within the vagina from puberty to menopause?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Treponema
C)Haemophilus
D)Escherichia
E)Clostridium

Question 13

Which of the following is not true of endogenous retroviruses?

A)ERVs are part of the normal biota.
B)ERVs are vital for placental development in sheep.
C)ERVs cause disease.
D)ERVs fight off pathogenic viruses.

Question 14

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called

A)opportunistic pathogens.
B)normal biota.
C)indigenous biota.
D)true pathogens.
E)micropathogens.

Question 15

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called

A)exogenous.
B)an exotoxin.
C)an enterotoxin.
D)endogenous.
E)axenic.

Question 16

Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except

A)the birth process through the birth canal.
B)bottle feeding.
C)breast feeding.
D)contact with hospital staff.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Which genus is the most common resident biota of mouth surfaces?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Streptococcus
C)Haemophilus
D)Escherichia
E)Mycobacterium

Question 18

Resident biota of the gastrointestinal tract include

A)Streptococcus.
B)Bacteroides.
C)Lactobacillus.
D)Haemophilus.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

The term infection refers to

A)microorganisms colonizing the body.
B)contact with microorganisms.
C)contact with pathogens.
D)pathogens penetrating host defenses.

Question 20

TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common

A)genera of resident biota.
B)sexually transmitted infections.
C)portals of entry.
D)vectors.
E)infections of the fetus and neonate.

Question 21

Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A)secretion of slime
B)production of leukocidins
C)adhering to the host
D)secretion of a capsule
E)ability to survive intracellularly

Question 22

Once a microbe has entered a host,what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A)phagocytosis
B)adhesion
C)encapsulation
D)margination
E)exocytosis

Question 23

Which of the following is not a method of bacterial adhesion?

A)fimbriae
B)surface proteins
C)specialized receptors
D)adhesive slime or capsules
E)cilia

Question 24

Exotoxins

A)are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms.
C)are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms.
D)cause more damage than endotoxins.
E)are host specific

Question 25

The suffix -emia means

A)blood.
B)a disease or morbid process.
C)an inflammation.
D)tumor.
E)pertaining to.

Question 26

Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in

A)amoebic dysentery.
B)ringworm.
C)clostridia.
D)cold virus.
E)diphtheria.

Question 27

The suffix -itis means

A)blood.
B)a disease or morbid process.
C)an inflammation.
D)tumor.
E)pertaining to.

Question 28

Enterotoxins are

A)virulence factors.
B)toxins that target the intestines.
C)proteins.
D)exotoxins.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

Exotoxins are

A)proteins secreted by living bacterial cells.
B)only released after a cell is damaged or lysed.
C)antiphagocytic factors.
D)secretions that always target nervous tissue.
E)lipopolysaccharides.

Question 30

_____ are various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.

A)Coagulases
B)Mucinases
C)Keratinases
D)Kinases
E)Hyaluronidases

Question 31

Which of the following is the endotoxin?

A)hemolysin
B)hyaluronidase
C)streptokinase
D)collagenase
E)lipopolysaccharide

Question 32

Virulence factors include all of the following except

A)capsules.
B)ribosomes.
C)exoenzymes.
D)endotoxin.
E)exotoxin.

Question 33

Microbial hyaluronidase,coagulase,and streptokinase are examples of

A)adhesive factors.
B)exotoxins.
C)hemolysins.
D)antiphagocytic factors.
E)exoenzymes.

Question 34

The minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed is termed

A)virulence factor.
B)indigenous biota.
C)infectious dose.
D)endotoxin.
E)minimal dose.

Question 35

Which term-definition pair is mismatched?

A)fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B)capsules - antiphagocytic factor
C)coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
D)leukocidins - damage white blood cells
E)hemolysins - damage red blood cells

Question 36

An endotoxin is

A)secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)indicative of gram-negative bacterial infection.
C)secreted by gram-positive organisms.
D)indicative of fungal infections.
E)indicative of viral infections.

Question 37

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Question 38

Keratinase has the greatest effect on the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Question 39

_____ is the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

A)Exotoxin
B)Endotoxin
C)Enterotoxin
D)Leukocidin
E)Hemolysin

Question 40

The suffix -osis means

A)blood.
B)a disease or morbid process.
C)an inflammation.
D)tumor.
E)pertaining to.

Question 41

Reservoirs include

A)humans.
B)animals.
C)soil.
D)water.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

The primary,natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 43

The term _____ refers to the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.

A)bacteremia
B)septicemia
C)viremia
D)toxemia

Question 44

A symptom is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of disease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)a temperature.

Question 45

An animal,such as an arthropod,that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 46

Local edema,swollen lymph nodes,fever,soreness,and abscesses are indications of

A)toxemia.
B)inflammation.
C)sequelae.
D)a syndrome.
E)latency.

Question 47

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a/an

A)syndrome.
B)symptom.
C)sign.
D)pathology.
E)inflammation.

Question 48

The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 49

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply,until symptoms first appear is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.

Question 50

The initial,brief period of early,general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.

Question 51

A sign is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of disease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)malaise and body aches.
E)An objective indication of disease that is measurable by health care personnel.

Question 52

Some diseases can cause long-term or permanent damage in the patient termed

A)edema.
B)sequelae.
C)granulomas.
D)abcesses.
E)swollen lymph nodes.

Question 53

Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.

A)elevation
B)stabilization
C)decrease
D)abnormal production

Question 54

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 55

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.

Question 56

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called

A)syndromes.
B)malaise.
C)inflammation.
D)asymptomatic.
E)secondary infections.

Question 57

The objective,measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an

A)syndrome.
B)symptom.
C)sign.
D)pathology.
E)inflammation.

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of sequelae?

A)headache from meningitis
B)difficulty swallowing from streptococcal infection
C)arthritis from Lyme disease
D)diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection

Question 59

Which of the following is a mismatched term and description?

A)secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
B)mixed infection - several agents established at infection site
C)acute infection - rapid onset of severe,short-lived symptoms
D)local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site
E)toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues

Question 60

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease?

A)removal of blood
B)urogenital tract and feces
C)coughing and sneezing
D)skin
E)All of these are normal exit portals.

Question 61

All communicable diseases

A)are contagious.
B)only occur in animals.
C)are caused by microorganisms or their products.
D)are caused by vectors.
E)involve viruses as the pathogen.

Question 62

When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

A)to determine the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
B)to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C)to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
D)to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E)whenever the scientific method can not be used to investigate a microbiological problem

Question 63

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 64

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are

A)fomites.
B)aerosols.
C)mechanical vectors.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)biological vectors.

Question 65

______ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 66

What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

A)to sequence the DNA of all microorganisms
B)to study the prevalence of disease
C)to study microorganisms in an artificial habitat
D)to provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease
E)to elucidate genetically linked diseases

Question 67

Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

A)fomites
B)water
C)droplet nuclei
D)aerosols
E)droplets

Question 68

_____ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens while they are recovering from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 69

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the

A)mortality rate.
B)morbidity rate.
C)incidence rate.
D)prevalence rate.
E)epidemic rate.

Question 70

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as

A)epidemic.
B)endemic.
C)pandemic.
D)sporadic.
E)chronic.

Question 71

Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the handling of patients and body substances?

A)mask and gloves
B)proper disposal of needles
C)healthcare worker with active,open lesions handling patients
D)hand washing
E)sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces

Question 72

The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the

A)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
B)World Health Organization.
C)National Institutes of Health.
D)United States Department of Agriculture.
E)Infection Control Committee.

Question 73

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 74

An infection spread between animals and humans is a:

A)secondary infection.
B)sequela.
C)healthcare-associated infection.
D)zoonosis.

Question 75

Healthcare-associated infections are characterized by all of the following except

A)are only transmitted by medical personnel.
B)often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.
C)the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.
D)Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
E)medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

Question 76

A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face,eyes,nose,and mouth.This specimen was from an HIV positive patient.If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist,the transmission route is

A)direct.
B)fomite.
C)vehicle.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)aerosol.

Question 77

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

A)vertical
B)direct
C)vector
D)droplets
E)fomites

Question 78

The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are

A)fomites.
B)aerosols.
C)mechanical vectors.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)biological vectors.

Question 79

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 80

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is

A)pathology.
B)clinical microbiology.
C)medicine.
D)immunology.
E)epidemiology.