Deck 2: Strategic Leadership: Managing the Strategy Process

Question 1

Strategic commitments are actions that are

A) inexpensive.
B) long-term oriented.
C) easy to reverse.
D) easy to imitate.

Answer 1

B
Explanation: To be effective, firms need to back up their visions and missions with strategic commitments, actions that are costly, long-term-oriented, and difficult to reverse. The company's vision is backed up by a powerful strategic commitment. Without such commitments, a firm's vision and mission statements are just words.

Question 2

What is the strategic management process?

A) The CEO decides who the product managers will be for a company.
B) The CEO defines the main problems facing a company.
C) Strategic leaders design a method to formulate and implement strategy.
D) Strategic leaders focus on creating a vision that reflects the company's strategy.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: The strategic management process is a method put in place by strategic leaders to formulate and implement a strategy.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about product-oriented visions is true?

A) They tend to force managers to take a myopic view of the landscape.
B) They allow companies to effectively adapt to changing environments.
C) They define a business in terms of providing solutions to customers.
D) They allow firms to take a need-based approach to their goals.

Answer 3

A
Explanation: Product-oriented vision defines a business in terms of a good or service provided. Product-oriented visions tend to force managers to take a myopic view of the landscape.

Question 4

Strategic commitments are actions that are

A) inexpensive, long-term oriented, and difficult to reverse.
B) inexpensive, short-term oriented, and easy to reverse.
C) costly, long-term oriented, and difficult to reverse.
D) costly, short-term oriented, and easy to reverse.

Question 5

True Help is a nonprofit organization that works toward rehabilitating the homeless.The credo of the organization is "help us help you." For an organization like True Help,which of the following statements would make an appropriate mission?

A) Help us help you find a home.
B) One day, everyone in this nation will have a home to protect themselves.
C) We help the homeless gain and sustain financial independence by providing employment opportunities.
D) Our mission is to turn this not-for-profit organization into a for-profit organization so that the stakeholders are benefited.

Question 6

Which of the following examples reflects the strongest vision?

A) At Fuentes Electronics, many employees get paid well but do not feel their work is important.
B) At Fuentes Electronics, all employees are motivated to make the best microwave ovens on the market.
C) At Fuentes Electronics, most employees want to create a better microwave oven than their closest competitor.
D) At Fuentes Electronics, some employees do not understand the main goal of the company.

Question 7

Customer-oriented visions do not

A) leave open the means to of how to meet a need.
B) define a business according to solutions.
C) define how a customer need will be met.
D) provide companies with a competitive advantage.

Question 8

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO)of Yahoo,Marissa Mayer,maintains that if a company builds the best product possible,profits will come.Identify the phrase that represents the new vision she developed for Yahoo.

A) to achieve human sustainability while having fun doing it
B) to provide a high-quality product that has environmental sustainability
C) to appeal to the whole person at work and at home
D) to make the world's daily habits more inspiring and entertaining

Question 9

To be effective,firms need to

A) back up their visions with strategic commitments that are costly and difficult to reverse.
B) increase their strategic flexibility by developing product-oriented vision statements.
C) isolate top managers from the organizational values.
D) pursue visions that are exclusively financial and not aspirational.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a product-oriented vision statement?

A) Andrea, Ltd. wants to adapt their picture frames to the changing demands of consumers.
B) Andrea, Ltd. wants to always satisfy the consumers who purchase picture frames.
C) Andrea, Ltd. wants to provide the best benefits for employees in the picture-frame industry.
D) Andrea, Ltd. wants to be the best manufacturer of picture frames in the industry.

Question 11

Visionary companies are able to outperform their competitors because

A) their vision statements are more product-oriented.
B) they provide more aspirational visions.
C) their visions are exclusively financial.
D) they isolate internal stakeholders in defining their visions.

Question 12

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO)of Yahoo,Marissa Mayer,established a mission by building on her vision.Considering this,how did Mayer implement the mission of Yahoo?

A) by making the user experience of the mobile Internet easy and fun
B) by convincing employees to work with a purpose
C) by making the mobile Internet an efficient tool for researchers
D) by convincing employees to make the product more accessible

Question 13

The first step in the strategic management process is to

A) define a firm's vision, mission, and values.
B) understand the strategies of the competitors.
C) put the guiding policies of a firm into practice.
D) develop functional and business-level strategies.

Question 14

Strategic leadership pertains to the use of power and influence by _____ to direct the activities of others when pursuing an organization's goals.

A) production workers
B) lower-level managers
C) external stakeholders
D) corporate executives

Question 15

What is strategic leadership?

A) the ability to delegate authority to create an effective strategic management process
B) the executives' use of power and influence to direct the activities of others when pursuing an organization's goals
C) the ability to inspire managers and other employees to create the best product possible
D) the executives' use of power and influence to inspire workers to take responsibility for the final product

Question 16

Handy Pro,Inc.is a company that manufactures electric tools like drills,screwdrivers,and saws.Which of the following best illustrates a product-oriented vision for Handy Pro?

A) to make people's lives simple and easy
B) to allow everyone to have the luxury of electric tool technology
C) to help people save time and energy spent using manual tools
D) to be the pioneering manufacturer of electric tools

Question 17

Which of the following summarizes the difference between a firm's vision and mission?

A) A vision states what a firm wants to accomplish; a mission states how a firm plans to accomplish this vision.
B) A vision states the ethical values of a firm; a mission states the monetary goals of a firm.
C) A vision states how much a firm wants to earn; a mission states how these earnings will be accomplished.
D) A vision states the management values of a firm; a mission states the values of the other workers.

Question 18

Free Winds,Inc.is a company that manufactures a variety of generators that run on wind power.The company wants to ensure that wind technology replaces all forms of exhaustible energy sources in the near future.Which of the following statements will make an accurate vision for Free Winds?

A) We make products that run on wind energy.
B) All nations around the globe should have access to a sustainable energy source.
C) The company aims to make working fun and pleasurable for its employees.
D) We provide energy-efficient sources and services by investing in research and innovation.

Question 19

A customer-oriented vision statement focuses employees to think about how best to

A) make a product easier to use.
B) increase their efficiency for consumers.
C) improve a popular product.
D) solve a problem for a consumer.

Question 20

Why is it better for firms to keep their vision statements customer-oriented rather than product-oriented?

A) Customer-oriented visions tend to have a more short-range view of changing environments.
B) Customer-oriented visions tend to have a more myopic view of changing environments.
C) Customer-oriented visions tend to be more flexible when adapting to changing environments.
D) Customer-oriented visions tend to be more stable when dealing with changing environments.

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of an organizational value?

A) Burtell Oil, Inc. increases the inspection of pipelines above the legal requirement to prevent oil spills.
B) Burtell Oil, Inc. lowers gas prices to gain an advantage over their closest competitor.
C) Burtell Oil, Inc. finances research for finding oil deposits within the United States.
D) Burtell Oil, Inc. launches an ad campaign that promotes the company as being environmentally friendly.

Question 22

The management of Wong Industries showed a commitment to ______ by increasing the salary of many female employees to meet its goal of having equal pay for women and men who perform comparable work.

A) scenario planning
B) upper-echelons theory
C) product-oriented vision
D) organizational values

Question 23

Executives whose vision and actions enable their organizations to achieve competitive advantage demonstrate

A) top-down strategic planning.
B) functional strategy.
C) strategic leadership.
D) dominant strategic planning.

Question 24

As the CEO of a conglomerate,Juana Mark exhibited her strong commitment toward the company's core value that customers' well-being is more important than profit when she decided to liquidate the company's tobacco subsidiary.The tobacco brand sold by her company was a major revenue earner in lesser-developed nations.However,Juana believed that her company had to be responsible toward society.In this scenario,Juana has demonstrated

A) strategic leadership.
B) intrapreneurship.
C) Machiavellianism.
D) individualism.

Question 25

The _____ is a conceptual framework that views organizational outcomes-strategic choices and performance levels-as reflections of the values of the members of the top management team,who interpret situations through the lens of their unique perspectives.

A) two-factor theory
B) expectancy theory
C) upper-echelons theory
D) value orientation theory

Question 26

The pharmaceutical company Merck's new drug Vioxx was a blockbuster,generating revenues of $2.5 billion a year by 2002 and growing fast.When allegations began to appear in the medical community,Merck announced the voluntary withdrawal of Vioxx from the market.In this example,Merck provides an example of what can happen if a company deviates from its

A) voluntary responsibilities.
B) realized strategy.
C) core values.
D) strategic decisions.

Question 27

Organizational values are the _____ that govern the behavior of individuals within a firm or organization.

A) economic measures
B) ethical standards and norms
C) political principles and policies
D) social beliefs and actions

Question 28

The CEO of Juliet Computers was the child of parents who had difficulty making enough money to support their family.As a result,he and his siblings did not have access to many advantages that children from wealthier families had.This CEO,therefore,emphasized making affordable computers that could be bought by low-income households.Which of the following does this example demonstrate?

A) dominant strategic planning
B) Level-5 leadership pyramid
C) upper-echelons theory
D) scenario planning

Question 29

Which of the following is a customer-oriented vision?

A) to be the most progressive insurance company
B) to be the best automobile company in the world
C) to enable people throughout the globe to identify their capabilities
D) to manufacture innovative products through continuous learning

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of customer-oriented visions?

A) Customer-oriented visions identify how a customer need will be met.
B) Customer-oriented vision statements are not the same as listening to your customer.
C) Customer-oriented visions reduce a company's ability to adapt to a changing environment.
D) Customer-oriented visions define a business in terms of goods or services provided.

Question 31

According to the upper-echelons theory,the organizational outcomes of a company primarily reflect the values of the

A) production workers in the company.
B) CEO of the company.
C) housekeeping staff in the company.
D) external stakeholders of the company.

Question 32

Pioneer Pharma Inc.and GH Medicines Corp.are two competing firms in the pharmaceutical industry.While Pioneer Pharma Inc.'s vision is "to be a preeminent drug manufacturer in the industry," GH Medicines Corp.'s vision is "to make good health a reality for everyone around the world." Which of the following is an implication of these different visions?

A) GH Medicines' vision is more product-oriented than the vision of Pioneer Pharma.
B) Pioneer Pharma is more likely to have a positive relationship between its vision and firm performance than GH Medicines.
C) Pioneer Pharma's vision is more long-term and futuristic than GH Medicines' vision.
D) GH Medicines will be more flexible than Pioneer Pharma when adapting to changing environments.

Question 33

When do employees fail to adopt the organizational values of a firm?

A) when the internal stakeholders of the firm are involved in designing the values
B) when the top managers in the firm are merely paying lip service to the firm's stated values
C) when the strategic leaders in the firm propagate and exhibit the same values
D) when the organizational structure, such as its strategic decision making, is aligned with its values

Question 34

Jorge is part of a sales team.He effectively coordinates his tasks with others in the team and willingly contributes to their efforts in achieving the team's objectives.Thus,Jorge is in _____ of the Level-5 leadership pyramid.

A) Level 5
B) Level 4
C) Level 3
D) Level 2

Question 35

According to the Level-5 leadership pyramid,a manager in Level 1 typically

A) makes productive contributions through motivation, talent, knowledge, and skills.
B) works effectively with others to achieve synergies and team objectives.
C) presents compelling vision and mission to guide groups toward superior performance.
D) builds enduring greatness into the organizations he or she leads.

Question 36

Which of the following is an accurate description of a Level 1 manager?

A) an individual who works effectively with others to achieve synergies and team objectives
B) a highly capable individual who makes productive contributions through motivation, talent, knowledge, and skills
C) an individual who "does things right," is an effective team player, and organizes resources effectively to achieve predetermined goals
D) an individual who is an effective strategic leader that builds enduring greatness into the organizations he or she leads

Question 37

Organizational values help individuals make choices that are

A) legal but unethical.
B) both illegal and effective.
C) both ethical and effective in advancing a company's goals.
D) ethical but ineffective in achieving long-term success.

Question 38

How do strong ethical values benefit a firm?

A) They lay the groundwork for a quick increase of profits and short-term success.
B) They serve as the guardrails put in place to keep the company on track when pursuing its mission.
C) They provide strong public relations, which can either benefit or hinder competitive advantage.
D) They emphasize benefiting employees by significantly increasing profit.

Question 39

_____ are best described as the ethical standards and norms that govern the behavior of individuals within a firm.

A) Job descriptions
B) Customs duties
C) Corrective controls
D) Organizational values

Question 40

A positive relationship between vision statements and firm performance is more likely to exist when

A) visions are product-oriented.
B) internal stakeholders are isolated from defining and revising the visions.
C) organizational structures are aligned with the firm's vision statement.
D) vision statements are equivalent to listening to the customers.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of corporate strategy?

A) The objective of corporate-level strategy is to ensure that the sum of the values of individual business units is greater than the overall corporate value.
B) A corporate strategy must be able to create synergies across business units that are quite different.
C) Formulating a corporate strategy involves general managers answering questions relating to how to compete in order to achieve superior performance.
D) Deciding whether to adopt a differentiation or a cost-leadership strategy is part of formulating the corporate strategy.

Question 42

Corporate executives at LikeReal,Inc.decide to compete in the remote model airplane industry by making the largest model planes available.By doing this,they completed part of their

A) implementation strategy.
B) corporate strategy.
C) functional strategy.
D) business strategy.

Question 43

Trung has been an employee with PureEnergy Inc.for 15 years.He started with an entry-level job,and today he is a manager of an entire division.Over the years,Trung has acquired a reputation for doing the right things in the company.Hence,as an efficient leader,he is capable of effectively communicating and motivating his subordinates to work toward the company's vision and mission.According to the Level-5 leadership pyramid,which is the highest level of leadership Trung has reached so far?

A) Level 5
B) Level 4
C) Level 3
D) Level 2

Question 44

Which of the following managers in the Level-5 leadership pyramid are most capable of leading their organizations into great success by guiding the organizations toward building a sustainable competitive advantage?

A) Level 1
B) Level 2
C) Level 3
D) Level 5

Question 45

The CEO of Sam's Club,Rosalind Brewer,reports to Walmart's CEO,C. Douglas McMillon, who as corporate executive oversees Walmart's entire operations. Sam's Club, therefore, is a _____ of Walmart.

A) corporate partner
B) strategic business unit
C) branch office
D) house brand manufacturer

Question 46

Due to political instability in the country of United Mapa,the strategic leaders at the headquarters of FT Supplies Inc.have decided to divest the company's business from the foreign market in United Mapa.This decision would be applicable to all the business units of FT Supplies Inc.operating in United Mapa.Thus,this is a

A) business strategy.
B) divisional strategy.
C) functional strategy.
D) corporate strategy.

Question 47

Jason is a manager.His colleagues and subordinates look up to him as a man who always does the right things.Along with other skills,his ability to effectively organize and deploy resources like man power,material,and money has been appreciated by his seniors.According to the Level-5 leadership pyramid,which of the following levels would be the immediate next step for Jason?

A) Level 2
B) Level 3
C) Level 4
D) Level 5

Question 48

Bauer Inc.is a company that manufactures plastics,fertilizers,tractors,and headphones under a single brand.The top management at Bauer has decided to enter the medical equipment industry based on its assessment of the profit potential in that industry.Which of the following strategies does this best illustrate?

A) corporate strategy
B) business strategy
C) functional strategy
D) divisional strategy

Question 49

In a large company,who is most responsible for devising the corporate strategy?

A) the CEO of the company
B) the lower-level employees in the company
C) the head of the production department in the company
D) the human resource manager in the company

Question 50

As a part of strategy formulation,a firm's functional strategy primarily concerns questions relating to

A) where to compete.
B) when to compete.
C) how to implement business strategy.
D) how to enter target markets.

Question 51

The CEO of True West Products Inc.(TWP)is a company that sells a wide range of products.It has decided to enter the markets of emerging nations like China and Brazil.This means that the cars,consumer electronics,and services such as hotels included under the TWP banner would be made available in these nations.Which of the following strategies does this scenario best illustrate?

A) corporate strategy
B) functional strategy
C) business strategy
D) divisional strategy

Question 52

A(n)_____ is best described as a stand-alone division of a larger conglomerate,with its own profit-and-loss responsibility.

A) corporation
B) strategic business unit
C) affiliate company
D) functional department

Question 53

Which of the following summarizes the difference between corporate strategy and business strategy?

A) Corporate strategy deals with how to compete; business strategy deals with where to compete.
B) Corporate strategy deals with when to compete; business strategy deals with how to compete.
C) Corporate strategy deals with how to compete; business strategy deals with when to compete.
D) Corporate strategy deals with where to compete; business strategy deals with how to compete.

Question 54

According to the Level-5 leadership pyramid,a manager turns into an executive who is capable of building lasting greatness into the organization through a combination of willpower and humility when he or she reaches

A) Level 5.
B) Level 3.
C) Level 2.
D) Level 1.

Question 55

Which of the following best illustrates a strategic business unit (SBU)?

A) The human resource department of a large company that is responsible for hiring employees for all its divisional branches
B) The consumer electronics division of a large company that also manufactures automobiles, apparel, and processed food
C) The product development team at the headquarters of a fast-food chain
D) The market segment which can be categorized between the income levels $10,000 and $25,000

Question 56

As a part of strategy formulation,corporate strategy concerns questions relating to

A) why we should compete.
B) how to compete.
C) where to compete.
D) how to implement the business strategy.

Question 57

Which of the following best describes a Level 5 manager in the Level-5 leadership pyramid?

A) Connie is an employee who just started her career at DK Inc.; she has already been appreciated for her knowledge and skills in the new company.
B) Dmitri is an employee at Infinite Circle Inc.; he has helped his team achieve their targets by contributing to the team's efforts.
C) Luigi is part of the marketing team at RT Corp.; he has been given the charge of managing a team of three, so he will be promoted to a manager's position next month.
D) Asoka is the CEO of Green Machines Inc.; he has helped his company in gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage through ethical decision making.

Question 58

During an assessment of employees and leaders in a company,Ethan Browne was categorized as a Level 5 manager in the Level-5 leadership pyramid.Which of the following can be inferred from this information?

A) Ethan is currently a team lead in the company.
B) Ethan shows no signs of being a good leader.
C) Ethan is a top management executive in the company.
D) Ethan has just started his career as a member of a team in the company.

Question 59

According to the Level-5 leadership pyramid,a manager at Level 3 has acquired the ability to

A) organize resources effectively to accomplish predetermined goals.
B) build enduring greatness into the organizations he or she leads.
C) identify the vision and the mission of the company.
D) justify unethical activities as legal and ethical.

Question 60

The management team at Clear Solutions,Inc.decided to build a branch office in Memphis,Tennessee.Which of the following terms correctly describes this action?

A) strategy formulation
B) strategy implementation
C) execution of strategy
D) business strategy

Question 61

White Leo Autos manufactures and markets four different cars: Leo Sport,Leo Prestige,Leo Spark,and Leo Ease.These four product variants are operated as individual business units.While the product leaders of Leo Sport,Leo Prestige,and Leo Spark have adopted a differentiation strategy to attract the niche market: the product leader of Leo Ease follows a cost-leadership strategy to suit the mass market.This decision of the product leader of Leo Ease can be ideally categorized as a _____ strategy.

A) corporate
B) functional
C) business
D) tactical

Question 62

Which of the following strategies best illustrates a functional strategy?

A) The CEO of Sunrise Companies Inc. has decided that the company will be entering the European market.
B) The general manager of a product division of Pickford Products Inc. has decided that 30 percent of the division's annual profits will be invested in research and development.
C) The regional manager for the military electronics division of Holden & Co. has decided that the division will pursue backward integration to save costs.
D) The production manager at the apparel division of Wilder Style Co. has decided that the department will hire contract workers for three months to meet the temporary demand.

Question 63

The production department at Coral Cements that is a subsidiary of the large conglomerate Five East Corp.has decided to adopt the FIFO (first in,first out)method of inventory to dispatch its cement bags.Which of the following strategies does this scenario best illustrate?

A) functional strategy
B) corporate strategy
C) master strategy
D) business strategy

Question 64

Green Rabbit Products Inc.(GRP)is a large conglomerate.The human resources department of its telecom division has decided to reduce its employee turnover by encouraging internal promotions.Which of the following strategies does this scenario best illustrate?

A) corporate strategy
B) business strategy
C) functional strategy
D) grand strategy

Question 65

In the top-down strategic planning approach,all strategic intelligence and decision-making responsibilities rest primarily on the

A) functional managers.
B) chief executive officer.
C) external stakeholders.
D) general manager.

Question 66

Strategies developed at the departmental level,such as the accounting,human resources,production,and marketing departments,within a strategic business unit are referred to as _____ strategies.

A) grand
B) corporate
C) business
D) functional

Question 67

Which of the following strategies best illustrates a generic business strategy?

A) A cost-cutting strategy that corporate executives in the headquarters want all business units of a large conglomerate to implement
B) A strategy to use monetary incentives to motivate employees working on a project
C) A decision to computerize a firm's database in order to improve customer service
D) A decision to niche market the jewelry sold by a company while the apparel division under the same company sells its products through mass marketing

Question 68

Who among the following is responsible for making business strategies in a large conglomerate?

A) the board of directors at the headquarters
B) the shareholder of the company
C) the lower-level employees in the company
D) the general managers of individual business units

Question 69

_____ are primarily responsible for decisions and actions within their respective departments like finance,human resources,marketing,and production in a strategic business unit.

A) Functional managers
B) Corporate executives
C) Strategic leaders
D) General managers

Question 70

Blue Billion Inc.is a large company that sells a variety of products such as cosmetics,jewelry,frozen foods,navigation electronics,and airplanes.Apart from this,the company also has a strong presence in the service industry through its chain of dance studios,casinos,and nightclubs.Each of its product divisions operates as an individual business and is responsible for its own profits and losses.Thus,these product divisions under Blue Billion can be referred to as

A) limited liability companies.
B) functional departments.
C) strategic business units.
D) corporations.

Question 71

_____ is best described as a rational process in which executives at a company's headquarters take primary responsibility to program future success of the company they lead.

A) Bottom-up strategic approach
B) Top-down strategic planning
C) Reverse mentoring
D) Emergent strategic plan

Question 72

T & R Autos Inc.is a large conglomerate that operates in 12 different countries.The corporate executives at the headquarters have decided that the company's objective for the next two years will be to increase its customer equity.Based on this guideline received from the top management team,the product leader of the home appliances division has decided to adopt a cost-leadership strategy in all his 12 units.Thus,the decision made by the product leader best illustrates a _______ strategy.

A) corporate
B) functional
C) grand
D) business

Question 73

The regional head for Creative Design Inc.in Boratania has decided to sell the company's products directly through company-owned stores because the distribution system in the market is primitive.In six other markets,however,the company will continue to operate through a franchise system.Thus,this decision made by the regional head at Boratania will be considered as a _____ strategy.

A) corporate
B) tactical
C) functional
D) business

Question 74

How are the two approaches,strategic planning and scenario planning,different from the strategy-as-planned-emergence approach?

A) Strategy as a planned emergence model was introduced before strategic planning and scenario planning.
B) Unlike strategic planning and scenario planning, strategy as a planned emergence model does not begin with a strategic plan.
C) Relative to strategic planning and scenario planning, strategy as a planned emergence model is a less formal and less stylized approach to the development of strategy.
D) Unlike strategic planning and scenario planning, strategy as a planned emergence model is a rational top-down planning approach.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of top-down strategic planning?

A) Information flows both ways in the process, from the upper management to the lower management and also the other way around.
B) In this process, the formulation of strategy is separate from implementation.
C) Employees at the operation level have major responsibility in strategizing for competitive advantage.
D) The process is based on the assumption that the past cannot be used to predict the future.

Question 76

A traditional top-down strategic planning process typically begins with

A) employees at the operational level identifying problems within an organization.
B) functional managers formulating functional strategies for their respective departments.
C) strategic leaders adjusting a company's vision and mission based on environmental analysis.
D) employees who have close contact with customers taking autonomous actions.

Question 77

Which of the following functions do the general managers in strategic business units primarily perform?

A) design generic business strategies based on guidelines received from corporate headquarters
B) set overarching strategic objectives to unify the entire conglomerate under one mission
C) take responsibility for decisions and actions within a single functional area
D) allocate scarce resources among different business divisions

Question 78

To implement specific business strategies,general managers of strategic business units rely on

A) external stakeholders.
B) corporate executives.
C) strategic leaders.
D) functional managers.

Question 79

Which of the following happens during the analysis stage of scenario planning?

A) formulation of responses to scenarios
B) development of different strategic plans
C) identification of possible future scenarios
D) execution of the dominant strategic plan

Question 80

A company's strategic business unit

A) does not need to adopt the overall corporate strategy.
B) is responsible for its own profit and loss.
C) is a division solely created to design strategies during turbulent times.
D) decides which industries and markets to compete in for an entire conglomerate.