Deck 20: Rocks and Minerals

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Question
Minerals that have the same combination of elements but have different atomic arrangements are called

A)polymorphs.
B)polygonal.
C)tetrahedra.
D)polymers.
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Question
The protective shells that many sea organisms grow are not minerals because they

A)are not calcium carbonate.
B)are organic.
C)are made of ooze.
D)become compacted.
Question
The mineral gold (Au)is very soft.Gold's softness can be attributed to

A)large,tightly packed atoms.
B)small,loosely bonded atoms.
C)large,loosely packed,and loosely bonded atoms.
D)large,closely packed,and strong bonded atoms.
Question
Minerals that have strong bonds between flat crystal surfaces tend to

A)cleave more easily.
B)show poor cleavage.
C)show well developed cleavage.
D)have a well-developed streak.
Question
Color is not a reliable means for mineral identification because

A)minerals come in a variety of colors,and chemical impurities in the mineral can affect color.
B)minerals can weather and change color.
C)a mineral's powdered color is different than its solid color.
D)there are so many colored minerals.
Question
Based on its abundance in Earth's crust,most rocks contain a mineral composed of the elements oxygen and

A)carbon.
B)silicon.
C)iron.
D)sulfur.
Question
What is the difference between a mineral and an element?
Question
The majority of elements in the Periodic Table are metallic.Does this mean that most minerals are metallic?
Question
All minerals are

A)organic.
B)crystals.
C)crystalline solids.
D)synthetic.
Question
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.What factors determine these planes of weakness?
Question
Young Earth developed a layered structure under the influence of

A)impact heating and convection in its interior.
B)gravitational contraction and radioactive decay.
C)meteorite bombardment.
D)gravity and density segregation-the process of differentiation.
Question
The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

A)silicates and carbonates.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)oxygen and aluminum.
D)quartz and feldspar.
Question
Minerals are composed of

A)silicon compounds.
B)common types of rocks.
C)homogeneous solids.
D)inorganic solids.
Question
A mineral's hardness depends on the strength of its chemical bonds.Name and describe the factors that influence hardness.
Question
The property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is referred to as

A)cleavage.
B)hardness.
C)fracture.
D)bond strength.
Question
A mineral's hardness is dependent on the

A)strength of its chemical bonds.
B)mineral ionization.
C)size of its atoms,large atoms are harder than small atoms.
D)geometric arrangement of atoms.
Question
Mohs scale is based on minerals that have different

A)cleavage directions.
B)colors.
C)hardness.
D)shapes.
Question
The three sources that brought young Earth to its melting point were

A)impact heating,convection heating,radiometric heating.
B)impact heating,gravitational contraction heating,radioactive decay heating.
C)impact heating,convection heating,radioactive decay heating.
D)collisional heating,contraction heating,radiometric heating.
Question
Most minerals can be identified by easily observable physical properties.In order of most useful to least useful,the identifiable physical properties are

A)color,crystal form,hardness,cleavage,and density.
B)hardness,cleavage,density,crystal form,and color.
C)crystal form,color,hardness,cleavage,and density.
D)crystal form,hardness,cleavage,color,and density.
Question
Which of the following properties most clearly reflects the internal arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material?

A)color
B)cleavage
C)luster
D)density
Question
What is the major rock-forming mineral group? Give examples of minerals in this group.
Question
The silicates are the largest mineral group because silicon and oxygen are

A)the hardest elements on Earth's surface.
B)the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust.
C)found in the common mineral quartz.
Question
By definition,an ore is a mineral rich in valuable metals.To be considered as an ore means that the

A)metals can be economically extracted to yield a profit.
B)metals are extremely valuable.
C)deposit is very rich and abundant in valuable metals.
D)metallic minerals are very abundant.
Question
A mineral deposit can be classified as an ore deposit when

A)valuable metals are present in the deposit.
B)valuable metals in the deposit can be mined at a profit.
C)it contains valuable fossil fuels.
D)it contains valuable gemstone quality minerals.
Question
The most common rock forming minerals are composed of predominantly eight elements.These minerals are the

A)silicates,carbonates,oxides,sulfides,and sulfates.
B)silicates,sulfides,and oxides.
C)silicons,borates,oxides,sulfides,and carbonates.
D)sulfates,oxides,and carbonates.
Question
Our Earth has many resources,but they are not unlimited.In the case of abundant metals,supply will most often meet demand.However,problems can occur when

A)there is a shortage of ores that can be mined at a reasonable cost.
B)high grade ores are depleted and low-grade ores need to be mined.
C)transport and processing costs override economic feasibility.
D)all of the above.
Question
A mineral that is not a silicate is

A)feldspar.
B)mica.
C)calcite.
D)quartz.
Question
The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have the

A)lowest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
B)lowest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.
C)highest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
D)highest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.
Question
The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica it contains.The first minerals to melt are those with

A)lowest melting point and lowest silica content.
B)lowest melting point and highest silica content.
C)lowest silica content and highest melting point.
D)highest silica content and highest melting point.
Question
Of the five rock-forming mineral groups-the silicates,carbonates,oxides,sulfides,and sulfates-which two form economically important ores?

A)silicates and carbonates
B)carbonates and oxides
C)oxides and sulfides
D)sulfides and sulfates
Question
Similar to the crystallization of silicate minerals,the crystallization of evaporite minerals occurs in a step-by-step process.The evaporite minerals that are the most difficult to dissolve

A)precipitate last.
B)precipitate first followed by the minerals that dissolve more easily.
C)have the lowest solubility and are the last to precipitate.
D)have the highest solubility and are the first to precipitate.
Question
Most of the world's sand is made up of which two minerals?
Question
List the seven physical properties for identifying minerals.
Question
Galena belongs to the class of minerals known as the

A)sulfides.
B)sulfates.
C)silicates.
D)carbonates.
Question
The most common mineral in Earth's crust is ________,and the second most common mineral is ________.

A)quartz; feldspar
B)feldspar; quartz
C)silicate; carbonate
D)olivine; feldspar
Question
What are the rock-forming mineral groups?
Question
Minerals are formed from the combination of different elements.The combination of different metallic elements produces

A)metallic minerals.
B)metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
C)nonmetallic minerals.
D)polymorphs.
Question
The process of crystallization acts to

A)enrich the molten magma in silica.
B)deplete the molten magma of silica.
C)enrich the crystallized minerals in silica.
D)none of the above.
Question
Most of the world's sand is composed of the minerals

A)feldspar and quartz.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)quartz and muscovite.
D)silicon and aluminum.
Question
What is an ore?
Question
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from

A)biochemical interactions.
B)carbonization.
C)the precipitation of minerals from a water solution.
D)evaporites.
Question
The first minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
Question
Minerals are formed by the process of

A)crystallization.
B)magma differentiation.
C)silica enrichment.
D)partial melting.
Question
The precipitation of and crystallization of evaporite minerals is very similar to the crystallization of minerals from a magma.The first evaporite minerals to precipitate (crystallize)are those with the

A)lowest solubility.
B)highest melting point.
C)lowest silica content.
D)highest solubility.
Question
Silica has a relatively

A)low melting point.
B)high melting point.
Question
The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.
Question
Describe the process of crystallization.
Question
In a cooling magma,which minerals are the last to crystallize?
Question
As the process of crystallization continues (from molten liquid to solid crystal),how does the composition of the molten liquid change?
Question
A sedimentary rock can turn into an igneous rock by

A)compaction and cementation.
B)compaction.
C)melting and cooling.
D)weathering and lithification.
Question
For the crystallization of minerals from a magma,melting point determines which mineral will form first.For evaporite minerals

A)solubility determines which mineral will form first.
B)salinity determines which mineral will form first.
C)melting point also determines which mineral will form first.
D)there is no single determinant.All evaporite minerals precipitate at the same time.
Question
Describe two sources from which minerals can crystallize.
Question
The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica they contain.Generally speaking,which minerals are the first to melt?
Question
Rocks are grouped into three classes depending on how the rock was

A)formed.
B)located.
C)discovered.
D)shaped.
Question
In a cooling magma,which minerals are the first to crystallize?
Question
Silica has a relatively

A)low percentage of silicon.
B)high percentage of silicon.
Question
The first minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.
Question
Which minerals are the first to crystallize in a cooling magma-minerals with a lower percentage of silica or minerals with a higher percentage of silica?
Question
The last minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
Question
Which mineral,quartz or feldspar,will crystallize first? Why?
Question
Igneous rock is formed from

A)crystallization of molten magma.
B)high temperatures and pressures.
C)solidified lava beneath the Earth's surface.
D)any of these
Question
Batholiths are massive plutons formed from the intrusion of

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)all of these
Question
The most violent volcanic explosions are generally associated with

A)composite volcanoes.
B)cinder cones.
C)shield volcanoes.
D)none of these
Question
As rock is heated,the first minerals to melt are those

A)with the highest melting point.
B)with the lowest melting point.
C)composed of granitic magma.
D)that have undergone partial distillation.
Question
The first minerals to crystallize are those having the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure.
Question
The two most common igneous rocks are basalt and granite.Basalt is commonly found ________,and granite is found ________.

A)on the ocean floor; on the continents
B)on both the ocean floor and continental land; only on the continents
C)on the continents; on the ocean floor
D)on the ocean floor; on both the ocean floor and on continental land
Question
The process of crystallization enriches a magma in

A)silica.
B)minerals that have low melting points.
C)silica and other minerals that have low melting points.
D)all of the above.
Question
Basaltic volcanic eruptions tend to be

A)slow moving and highly viscous.
B)very fluid and highly viscous.
C)slow moving with a low viscosity.
D)very fluid and have a low viscosity.
Question
The most common igneous rock is formed from

A)basaltic magma.
B)andesitic magma.
C)granitic magma.
D)none of these
Question
Magma that solidifies before reaching Earth's surface is called

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)plutonic rock.
C)a pluton.
D)all of the above.
Question
A rock's initial melting temperature is primarily determined by

A)the rocks mineralogy.
B)its water content.
C)its internal temperature.
D)its heat source.
Question
Igneous rocks are formed by the

A)melting and transformation of minerals in Earth's interior.
B)cooling and crystallization of molten magma.
C)partial crystallization of granitic magma.
D)cooling and crystallization of molten lava in Earth's interior.
Question
Plutons form from magma

A)at Earth's surface.
B)below Earth's surface.
C)ejected from volcanoes.
D)all of these
Question
The most common extrusive rocks are generated from

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)none of the above
Question
The most common outpouring of lava occurs as

A)volcanic eruptions.
B)carbonates.
C)conglomerates.
D)fissure eruptions.
Question
Mauna Loa is a

A)cinder cone.
B)shield volcano.
C)composite volcano.
D)none of these
Question
The Hawaiian Islands are predominantly made up of

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)volcanic igneous rock.
C)sedimentary rock.
D)metamorphic rock.
Question
The most violent volcanic explosions are generated from

A)basaltic lava flows.
B)andesitic lava flows.
C)granitic lava flows.
D)ocean floor lava flows.
Question
Rocks with a high water content have a

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure.
Question
The process by which a single magma can generate several magmas of different compositions is

A)partial melting.
B)partial crystallization.
C)fractional crystallization.
D)partial distillation.
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Deck 20: Rocks and Minerals
1
Minerals that have the same combination of elements but have different atomic arrangements are called

A)polymorphs.
B)polygonal.
C)tetrahedra.
D)polymers.
A
2
The protective shells that many sea organisms grow are not minerals because they

A)are not calcium carbonate.
B)are organic.
C)are made of ooze.
D)become compacted.
B
3
The mineral gold (Au)is very soft.Gold's softness can be attributed to

A)large,tightly packed atoms.
B)small,loosely bonded atoms.
C)large,loosely packed,and loosely bonded atoms.
D)large,closely packed,and strong bonded atoms.
C
4
Minerals that have strong bonds between flat crystal surfaces tend to

A)cleave more easily.
B)show poor cleavage.
C)show well developed cleavage.
D)have a well-developed streak.
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5
Color is not a reliable means for mineral identification because

A)minerals come in a variety of colors,and chemical impurities in the mineral can affect color.
B)minerals can weather and change color.
C)a mineral's powdered color is different than its solid color.
D)there are so many colored minerals.
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6
Based on its abundance in Earth's crust,most rocks contain a mineral composed of the elements oxygen and

A)carbon.
B)silicon.
C)iron.
D)sulfur.
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7
What is the difference between a mineral and an element?
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8
The majority of elements in the Periodic Table are metallic.Does this mean that most minerals are metallic?
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9
All minerals are

A)organic.
B)crystals.
C)crystalline solids.
D)synthetic.
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10
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.What factors determine these planes of weakness?
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11
Young Earth developed a layered structure under the influence of

A)impact heating and convection in its interior.
B)gravitational contraction and radioactive decay.
C)meteorite bombardment.
D)gravity and density segregation-the process of differentiation.
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12
The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

A)silicates and carbonates.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)oxygen and aluminum.
D)quartz and feldspar.
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13
Minerals are composed of

A)silicon compounds.
B)common types of rocks.
C)homogeneous solids.
D)inorganic solids.
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14
A mineral's hardness depends on the strength of its chemical bonds.Name and describe the factors that influence hardness.
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15
The property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is referred to as

A)cleavage.
B)hardness.
C)fracture.
D)bond strength.
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16
A mineral's hardness is dependent on the

A)strength of its chemical bonds.
B)mineral ionization.
C)size of its atoms,large atoms are harder than small atoms.
D)geometric arrangement of atoms.
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17
Mohs scale is based on minerals that have different

A)cleavage directions.
B)colors.
C)hardness.
D)shapes.
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18
The three sources that brought young Earth to its melting point were

A)impact heating,convection heating,radiometric heating.
B)impact heating,gravitational contraction heating,radioactive decay heating.
C)impact heating,convection heating,radioactive decay heating.
D)collisional heating,contraction heating,radiometric heating.
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19
Most minerals can be identified by easily observable physical properties.In order of most useful to least useful,the identifiable physical properties are

A)color,crystal form,hardness,cleavage,and density.
B)hardness,cleavage,density,crystal form,and color.
C)crystal form,color,hardness,cleavage,and density.
D)crystal form,hardness,cleavage,color,and density.
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20
Which of the following properties most clearly reflects the internal arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material?

A)color
B)cleavage
C)luster
D)density
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21
What is the major rock-forming mineral group? Give examples of minerals in this group.
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22
The silicates are the largest mineral group because silicon and oxygen are

A)the hardest elements on Earth's surface.
B)the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust.
C)found in the common mineral quartz.
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23
By definition,an ore is a mineral rich in valuable metals.To be considered as an ore means that the

A)metals can be economically extracted to yield a profit.
B)metals are extremely valuable.
C)deposit is very rich and abundant in valuable metals.
D)metallic minerals are very abundant.
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24
A mineral deposit can be classified as an ore deposit when

A)valuable metals are present in the deposit.
B)valuable metals in the deposit can be mined at a profit.
C)it contains valuable fossil fuels.
D)it contains valuable gemstone quality minerals.
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25
The most common rock forming minerals are composed of predominantly eight elements.These minerals are the

A)silicates,carbonates,oxides,sulfides,and sulfates.
B)silicates,sulfides,and oxides.
C)silicons,borates,oxides,sulfides,and carbonates.
D)sulfates,oxides,and carbonates.
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26
Our Earth has many resources,but they are not unlimited.In the case of abundant metals,supply will most often meet demand.However,problems can occur when

A)there is a shortage of ores that can be mined at a reasonable cost.
B)high grade ores are depleted and low-grade ores need to be mined.
C)transport and processing costs override economic feasibility.
D)all of the above.
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27
A mineral that is not a silicate is

A)feldspar.
B)mica.
C)calcite.
D)quartz.
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28
The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have the

A)lowest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
B)lowest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.
C)highest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
D)highest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.
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29
The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica it contains.The first minerals to melt are those with

A)lowest melting point and lowest silica content.
B)lowest melting point and highest silica content.
C)lowest silica content and highest melting point.
D)highest silica content and highest melting point.
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30
Of the five rock-forming mineral groups-the silicates,carbonates,oxides,sulfides,and sulfates-which two form economically important ores?

A)silicates and carbonates
B)carbonates and oxides
C)oxides and sulfides
D)sulfides and sulfates
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31
Similar to the crystallization of silicate minerals,the crystallization of evaporite minerals occurs in a step-by-step process.The evaporite minerals that are the most difficult to dissolve

A)precipitate last.
B)precipitate first followed by the minerals that dissolve more easily.
C)have the lowest solubility and are the last to precipitate.
D)have the highest solubility and are the first to precipitate.
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32
Most of the world's sand is made up of which two minerals?
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33
List the seven physical properties for identifying minerals.
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34
Galena belongs to the class of minerals known as the

A)sulfides.
B)sulfates.
C)silicates.
D)carbonates.
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35
The most common mineral in Earth's crust is ________,and the second most common mineral is ________.

A)quartz; feldspar
B)feldspar; quartz
C)silicate; carbonate
D)olivine; feldspar
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36
What are the rock-forming mineral groups?
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37
Minerals are formed from the combination of different elements.The combination of different metallic elements produces

A)metallic minerals.
B)metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
C)nonmetallic minerals.
D)polymorphs.
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38
The process of crystallization acts to

A)enrich the molten magma in silica.
B)deplete the molten magma of silica.
C)enrich the crystallized minerals in silica.
D)none of the above.
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39
Most of the world's sand is composed of the minerals

A)feldspar and quartz.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)quartz and muscovite.
D)silicon and aluminum.
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40
What is an ore?
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41
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from

A)biochemical interactions.
B)carbonization.
C)the precipitation of minerals from a water solution.
D)evaporites.
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42
The first minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
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43
Minerals are formed by the process of

A)crystallization.
B)magma differentiation.
C)silica enrichment.
D)partial melting.
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44
The precipitation of and crystallization of evaporite minerals is very similar to the crystallization of minerals from a magma.The first evaporite minerals to precipitate (crystallize)are those with the

A)lowest solubility.
B)highest melting point.
C)lowest silica content.
D)highest solubility.
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45
Silica has a relatively

A)low melting point.
B)high melting point.
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46
The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.
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47
Describe the process of crystallization.
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48
In a cooling magma,which minerals are the last to crystallize?
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49
As the process of crystallization continues (from molten liquid to solid crystal),how does the composition of the molten liquid change?
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50
A sedimentary rock can turn into an igneous rock by

A)compaction and cementation.
B)compaction.
C)melting and cooling.
D)weathering and lithification.
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51
For the crystallization of minerals from a magma,melting point determines which mineral will form first.For evaporite minerals

A)solubility determines which mineral will form first.
B)salinity determines which mineral will form first.
C)melting point also determines which mineral will form first.
D)there is no single determinant.All evaporite minerals precipitate at the same time.
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52
Describe two sources from which minerals can crystallize.
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53
The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica they contain.Generally speaking,which minerals are the first to melt?
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54
Rocks are grouped into three classes depending on how the rock was

A)formed.
B)located.
C)discovered.
D)shaped.
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55
In a cooling magma,which minerals are the first to crystallize?
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56
Silica has a relatively

A)low percentage of silicon.
B)high percentage of silicon.
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57
The first minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.
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58
Which minerals are the first to crystallize in a cooling magma-minerals with a lower percentage of silica or minerals with a higher percentage of silica?
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59
The last minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
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60
Which mineral,quartz or feldspar,will crystallize first? Why?
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61
Igneous rock is formed from

A)crystallization of molten magma.
B)high temperatures and pressures.
C)solidified lava beneath the Earth's surface.
D)any of these
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62
Batholiths are massive plutons formed from the intrusion of

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)all of these
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63
The most violent volcanic explosions are generally associated with

A)composite volcanoes.
B)cinder cones.
C)shield volcanoes.
D)none of these
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64
As rock is heated,the first minerals to melt are those

A)with the highest melting point.
B)with the lowest melting point.
C)composed of granitic magma.
D)that have undergone partial distillation.
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65
The first minerals to crystallize are those having the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure.
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66
The two most common igneous rocks are basalt and granite.Basalt is commonly found ________,and granite is found ________.

A)on the ocean floor; on the continents
B)on both the ocean floor and continental land; only on the continents
C)on the continents; on the ocean floor
D)on the ocean floor; on both the ocean floor and on continental land
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67
The process of crystallization enriches a magma in

A)silica.
B)minerals that have low melting points.
C)silica and other minerals that have low melting points.
D)all of the above.
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68
Basaltic volcanic eruptions tend to be

A)slow moving and highly viscous.
B)very fluid and highly viscous.
C)slow moving with a low viscosity.
D)very fluid and have a low viscosity.
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69
The most common igneous rock is formed from

A)basaltic magma.
B)andesitic magma.
C)granitic magma.
D)none of these
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70
Magma that solidifies before reaching Earth's surface is called

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)plutonic rock.
C)a pluton.
D)all of the above.
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71
A rock's initial melting temperature is primarily determined by

A)the rocks mineralogy.
B)its water content.
C)its internal temperature.
D)its heat source.
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72
Igneous rocks are formed by the

A)melting and transformation of minerals in Earth's interior.
B)cooling and crystallization of molten magma.
C)partial crystallization of granitic magma.
D)cooling and crystallization of molten lava in Earth's interior.
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73
Plutons form from magma

A)at Earth's surface.
B)below Earth's surface.
C)ejected from volcanoes.
D)all of these
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74
The most common extrusive rocks are generated from

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)none of the above
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75
The most common outpouring of lava occurs as

A)volcanic eruptions.
B)carbonates.
C)conglomerates.
D)fissure eruptions.
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76
Mauna Loa is a

A)cinder cone.
B)shield volcano.
C)composite volcano.
D)none of these
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77
The Hawaiian Islands are predominantly made up of

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)volcanic igneous rock.
C)sedimentary rock.
D)metamorphic rock.
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78
The most violent volcanic explosions are generated from

A)basaltic lava flows.
B)andesitic lava flows.
C)granitic lava flows.
D)ocean floor lava flows.
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79
Rocks with a high water content have a

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure.
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80
The process by which a single magma can generate several magmas of different compositions is

A)partial melting.
B)partial crystallization.
C)fractional crystallization.
D)partial distillation.
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