Deck 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

The two types of associative learning are

A)classical conditioning and observational learning.
B)vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C)classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D)operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Almost all human behavior is learned.
B)Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C)Learning also includes temporary changes and changes due to motivation and fatigue.
D)There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Reinforcement is the key to _____ learning.

A)insight
B)cognitive
C)associative
D)maturational

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The two types of _____ learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 5

_____ refers to understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Respondent learning
C)Cognitive learning
D)Operant conditioning

Question 6

A reinforcement is any event that

A)is considered a pleasant experience by a majority of individuals.
B)increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
C)involves classical conditioning.
D)serves as a bribe that will entice the individual to repeat a response.

Question 7

Often _____ is the most effective method of helping people to overcome their irrational fears.

A)classical conditioning
B)abstract "book learning"
C)operant conditioning
D)cognitive learning

Question 8

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

A)motivation.
B)maturation.
C)experience.
D)fatigue.

Question 9

_____ occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses.

A)Associative learning
B)Insight learning
C)Vicarious learning
D)Cognitive learning

Question 10

Learning is best defined as

A)any change in behavior.
B)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
C)a permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
D)any change in behavior caused by punishment.

Question 11

Regarding cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Learning from written language is a complex form of cognitive learning.
B)Humans are the only species that are capable of engaging in any type of cognitive learning.
C)Repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning.
D)Engaging in complex cognitive learning illustrates why humans are called Homo Sapiens, which comes from the Latin words for man and wise.

Question 12

_____ is the key to associative learning.

A)Reinforcement
B)Cognition
C)Maturation
D)Practice

Question 13

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)associative learning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 14

If Larry learned to fear rats due to his observing his mother's extreme, irrational fear of rats, Larry developed his fear of rats through

A)classical conditioning.
B)vicarious classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)insight learning.

Question 15

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

A)reinforcement.
B)introspection.
C)motivation.
D)learning.

Question 16

A _____ is any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again.

A)reinforcement
B)consequence
C)feedback
D)motive

Question 17

Psychologists define learning as

A)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
B)a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state.
C)behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
D)the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 18

The formation of simple connections among various stimuli and responses is referred to as _____ learning.

A)associative
B)insight
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 19

Abstract "book learning" would be considered a form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)vicarious classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)cognitive learning.

Question 20

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog that growled at you and the response of fear would be a type of _____ learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 21

Events that precede a response are called _____, while events that follow a response are called _____.

A)antecedents; consequences
B)consequences; antecedents
C)rewards; punishers
D)primary events; secondary events

Question 22

A(n) _____ is any identifiable behavior and includes observable actions, such as blinking or turning a doorknob, or internal actions, such as having a faster heartbeat.

A)reinforcer
B)response
C)antecedent
D)motive

Question 23

Events that occur just after a response are called

A)antecedents.
B)precursors.
C)stimuli.
D)consequences.

Question 24

If a girl gets stung by a bee, she may learn to associate pain with bees and to fear them.In this case, the girl's fear is _____ by the discomfort she feels immediately after seeing the bee.

A)extinguished
B)reinforced
C)neutralized
D)vicariously acquired

Question 25

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 26

The antecedents are the most important aspect for _____ to take place, while the consequences are the most important for _____.

A)operant conditioning; instrumental conditioning
B)classical conditioning; respondent conditioning
C)classical conditioning; operant conditioning
D)instrumental conditioning; respondent conditioning

Question 27

In _____, an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with one that does.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)instrumental learning

Question 28

Which of the following would be considered a response?

A)having a faster heartbeat
B)blinking
C)turning a doorknob
D)all of these

Question 29

Blinking your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)reflex.
C)precursor.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 30

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 31

Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is a(n) _____ of Ashley running to the door and is what _____ her tendency to run to the door.

A)antecedent; reinforcers
B)precursors; classically conditions
C)stimuli; vicariously conditions
D)consequence; reinforces

Question 32

Events that occur just before a response are called

A)respondent stimuli.
B)consequences.
C)antecedents.
D)prologues.

Question 33

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

A)stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B)stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C)spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D)subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 34

A(n) _____ is an automatic, unlearned response.

A)antecedent
B)reflex
C)consequence
D)reinforcer

Question 35

In _____, a response may be followed by a reinforcer, by punishment, or by nothing.These results determine whether a response is likely to be made again.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)respondent conditioning
D)insight learning

Question 36

With classical conditioning, the _____ are the most important aspects, while with operant conditioning, the _____ are the key.

A)antecedents; consequences
B)consequences; antecedents
C)rewards; reflexes
D)conditioned responses; punishers

Question 37

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

A)respondent stimulus.
B)consequence.
C)antecedent.
D)prologue.

Question 38

_____ is a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Cognitive learning
D)Insight learning

Question 39

_____ is learning based on the consequences of responding.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Cognitive learning
D)Insight learning

Question 40

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker.This demonstrates the use of

A)extinction.
B)reinforcement.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)antecedents.

Question 41

In operant conditioning, learning is based on the consequence of responding with the response being followed by

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)nothing.
D)any one of these.

Question 42

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response, _____ has occurred.

A)classical conditioning
B)spontaneous recovery
C)operant conditioning
D)aversive conditioning

Question 43

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

A)classical conditioning.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)latent learning.

Question 44

Classical conditioning is based on _____, while operant conditioning is based on _____.

A)the consequences of making a response; what happens before we respond
B)what happens before we respond; the consequences of making a response
C)the reinforcements the organism receives; punishments the organism receives
D)the reinforcements the organism receives; an association between stimuli

Question 45

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 46

Another name for classical conditioning is

A)operant conditioning.
B)Pavlovian conditioning.
C)respondent conditioning.
D)both Pavlovian and respondent conditioning.

Question 47

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

A)animals learn only by operant conditioning.
B)operant conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another.
C)classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another.
D)operant conditioning occurs when a response is not affected by consequences.

Question 48

In operant conditioning, learning

A)is based on the consequences of making a response.
B)occurs when a response that is followed by a reinforcer is repeated.
C)occurs when a response that is followed by a punisher is not repeated.
D)involves all of these.

Question 49

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 50

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 51

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

A)reflexes.
B)short-term behavior.
C)negative behavior.
D)positive behavior.

Question 52

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 53

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

A)Pavlov.
B)Bandura.
C)Tolman.
D)Freud.

Question 54

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 55

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 56

Which of the following types of learning is most related to the consequences of making a response?

A)Pavlovian conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)respondent conditioning

Question 57

_____ involves learning through an association of stimuli, while _____ involves a learning by consequences.

A)Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B)Classical conditioning; operant conditioning
C)Observational learning; latent learning
D)Latent learning; observational learning

Question 58

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

A)operant conditioning.
B)reinforcement.
C)classical conditioning.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 59

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to _____ to a new stimulus.

A)salivate
B)blink
C)bark
D)regurgitate

Question 60

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory leading him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

A)Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
B)Dogs sometimes salivated before meat powder was placed in their mouths.
C)Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
D)Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 61

If the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as it is delivered to the eye, the clap is referred to as

A)the conditioned stimulus.
B)the unconditioned stimulus.
C)a pleasant event.
D)an aversive event.

Question 62

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 63

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 64

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 65

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the

A)bell alone.
B)meat powder alone.
C)bell, followed by the meat powder.
D)meat powder, followed by the bell.

Question 66

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the food was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 67

To test the presence of classical conditioning, you would omit the

A)CS.
B)US.
C)CR.
D)S+.

Question 68

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is

A)CS---US---UR.
B)US---CS---CR.
C)US---UR---CS.
D)CS---UR---CR.

Question 69

Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning?

A)a rat learning to run through a maze correctly
B)a person learning to blink to the word "psychology"
C)a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano
D)a rat learns to press a bar to receive food

Question 70

Learning to anticipate a surge of scalding hot water in a shower following the flush of an adjacent toilet is an example of what type of learning?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)latent learning
D)modeling

Question 71

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 72

Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called

A)operant conditioning.
B)vicarious learning.
C)observational learning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 73

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 74

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)classic response.

Question 75

After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 76

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A)deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
B)sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C)follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D)follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 77

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response.This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)reflexive stimulus.
D)latent stimulus.

Question 78

When an individual learns to blink to the sound of a clap as a result of classical conditioning, the blinking to the clap is termed the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)conditioned response.
C)spontaneous response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 79

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)neutral stimulus.

Question 80

In his experiments, Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented

A)just before the US.
B)at the same time as the US.
C)just after the US.
D)instead of the US.