Question 1

A child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat.If the child learns to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was

Accepted Answer

A) the UR. 
B) a generalization gradient. 
C) the US. 
D) a CS. 
A) the UR. 
B) a generalization gradient. 
C) the US. 
D) a CS. D

Question 2

The nature of learning in _____ is that the neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with a US.

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) cognitive learning 
D) instrumental learning 
A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) cognitive learning 
D) instrumental learning A

Question 3

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) neutral stimulus. 
A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) neutral stimulus. C

Question 4

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) respondent stimulus. 
B) consequence. 
C) antecedent. 
D) prologue. 
A) respondent stimulus. 
B) consequence. 
C) antecedent. 
D) prologue.

Question 5

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus degeneralization. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) positive transfer of responding. 
D) negative transfer of responding. 
A) stimulus degeneralization. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) positive transfer of responding. 
D) negative transfer of responding.

Question 6

As stimuli become less like the original CS, responding

Accepted Answer

A) decreases. 
B) increases. 
C) remains exactly the same. 
D) is not predictable. 
A) decreases. 
B) increases. 
C) remains exactly the same. 
D) is not predictable.

Question 7

If a girl gets stung by a bee, she may learn to associate pain with bees and to fear them.In this case, the girl's fear is _____ by the discomfort she feels immediately after seeing the bee.

Accepted Answer

A) extinguished 
B) reinforced 
C) neutralized 
D) vicariously acquired 
A) extinguished 
B) reinforced 
C) neutralized 
D) vicariously acquired

Question 8

The learning of an emotional response to stimuli or situations portrayed in a movie would have to take place through

Accepted Answer

A) vicarious conditioning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) response shaping. 
A) vicarious conditioning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) response shaping.

Question 9

In operant conditioning, learning

Accepted Answer

A) is based on the consequences of making a response. 
B) occurs when a response that is followed by a reinforcer is repeated. 
C) occurs when a response that is followed by a punisher is not repeated. 
D) involves all of these. 
A) is based on the consequences of making a response. 
B) occurs when a response that is followed by a reinforcer is repeated. 
C) occurs when a response that is followed by a punisher is not repeated. 
D) involves all of these.

Question 10

According to the informational view, classical conditioning can best be explained in terms of _____, which involve an anticipation concerning future events.

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement. 
B) conditioning. 
C) expectancies. 
D) antecedents. 
A) reinforcement. 
B) conditioning. 
C) expectancies. 
D) antecedents.

Question 11

In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we

Accepted Answer

A) expect that a certain response will be reinforced at certain times. 
B) learn that a response was right and therefore worth repeating. 
C) experience contingent responses. 
D) expect the US will follow the CS. 
A) expect that a certain response will be reinforced at certain times. 
B) learn that a response was right and therefore worth repeating. 
C) experience contingent responses. 
D) expect the US will follow the CS.

Question 12

_____ is given only when a particular response is made.

Accepted Answer

A) Cue-dependent reinforcement 
B) Negative attention-seeking 
C) Successive approximation 
D) Response-contingent reinforcement 
A) Cue-dependent reinforcement 
B) Negative attention-seeking 
C) Successive approximation 
D) Response-contingent reinforcement

Question 13

_____ involves learning through an association of stimuli, while _____ involves a learning by consequences.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
C) Observational learning; latent learning 
D) Latent learning; observational learning 
A) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
C) Observational learning; latent learning 
D) Latent learning; observational learning

Question 14

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) associative learning. 
C) cognitive learning. 
D) operant conditioning. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) associative learning. 
C) cognitive learning. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 15

The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) fading. 
C) shaping. 
D) secondary reinforcement. 
A) latent learning. 
B) fading. 
C) shaping. 
D) secondary reinforcement.

Question 16

Each time he steps up to the plate, a baseball player touches the bill of his cap three times, just as he did before hitting a home run in a previous game.Which principle accounts for his actions?

Accepted Answer

A) modeling 
B) reminiscence 
C) positive transfer 
D) superstitious behavior 
A) modeling 
B) reminiscence 
C) positive transfer 
D) superstitious behavior

Question 17

Abstract "book learning" would be considered a form of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) vicarious classical conditioning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) cognitive learning. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) vicarious classical conditioning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) cognitive learning.

Question 18

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) an automatic, non-learned response. 
B) learning by consequences. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning. 
A) an automatic, non-learned response. 
B) learning by consequences. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 19

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) unconditioned response. 
A) conditioned response. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) unconditioned response.

Question 20

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A) the informational view. 
B) the interactionism theory. 
C) the law of effect. 
D) shaping. 
A) the informational view. 
B) the interactionism theory. 
C) the law of effect. 
D) shaping.

Exam 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

A child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat.If the child learns to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was

The nature of learning in _____ is that the neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with a US.

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

As stimuli become less like the original CS, responding

If a girl gets stung by a bee, she may learn to associate pain with bees and to fear them.In this case, the girl's fear is _____ by the discomfort she feels immediately after seeing the bee.

The learning of an emotional response to stimuli or situations portrayed in a movie would have to take place through

In operant conditioning, learning

According to the informational view, classical conditioning can best be explained in terms of _____, which involve an anticipation concerning future events.

In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we

_____ is given only when a particular response is made.

_____ involves learning through an association of stimuli, while _____ involves a learning by consequences.

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

Each time he steps up to the plate, a baseball player touches the bill of his cap three times, just as he did before hitting a home run in a previous game.Which principle accounts for his actions?

Abstract "book learning" would be considered a form of

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

_ involves learning through an association of stimuli, while _ involves a learning by consequences.