Deck 16: Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Question 1

The position one occupies within the structure of a group defines one's

A)competence.
B)personal control.
C)social role.
D)degree of affiliation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Teachers are expected to come to class prepared, on time, and to maintain order within the classroom, while imparting knowledge and facilitating learning.This describes a teacher's

A)ascribed role.
B)social role.
C)role conflict.
D)social stereotype.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions are called

A)social roles.
B)cultures.
C)social stereotypes.
D)social status.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Being the member of a particular generation such as the "baby boomers" is an example of a(n) _____ role.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)temporary
D)permanent

Question 5

Marriage customs, language, concepts of ownership, and sex roles would be considered parts of one's

A)culture.
B)proxemics.
C)standardized norms.
D)status.

Question 6

_____ psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in the presence of others, whether actual or implied.

A)Personality
B)Social
C)Behavioral
D)Humanistic

Question 7

An ongoing pattern of life that characterizes a society at a given point in history is called

A)conformity.
B)standard norms.
C)group cohesion.
D)culture.

Question 8

Vanessa is female, a daughter, and a young adult.The roles that shape her behavior are called _____ roles.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)ascertained
D)actualized

Question 9

An ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next and includes such things as language, marriage customs and sex roles is called

A)conformity.
B)standard norms.
C)group cohesion.
D)culture.

Question 10

According to the text, social psychology is the study of how people

A)form organized social groups.
B)behave in the presence of others.
C)resolve their psychosocial conflicts.
D)through an interaction with others develop a balance between their real and ideal selves.

Question 11

The oldest child or firstborn is an example of a(n) _____ role.

A)defined
B)achieved
C)ascribed
D)specified

Question 12

Which of the following is related to social psychology?

A)the study of how social settings influence our behavior
B)studies of compliance, conformity, and obedience
C)studies of culture and social roles
D)all of these

Question 13

Jay is an adolescent, while Edward is an elderly man.Thus, both of these would be considered _____ roles.

A)ascribed
B)achieved
C)defined
D)specified

Question 14

The are different sets of behaviors and expectations associated with your being a mother, a boss, or a student.These are examples of the _____ in your life.

A)social roles
B)cultural identities
C)social stereotypes
D)status groups

Question 15

Roles that people do not choose for themselves, such as female or son, are called _____ roles.

A)ascribed
B)achieved
C)affective
D)earned

Question 16

Dr.Salter is conducting a study on attitude change, while his colleagues Drs.Ashad and Morton are conducting research on conformity and obedience, respectively.These researchers are most likely

A)humanistic psychologists.
B)personality theorists.
C)social psychologists.
D)psychoanalytical psychologists.

Question 17

Being born into an organized society means that _____ are present when we arrive.

A)established values
B)established expectations
C)established behavior patterns
D)all of these

Question 18

Sociologist Duncan Watts asked more than 60,000 senders to forward an e-mail to a first-name acquaintance, who would continued to forward the e-mail through first-name acquaintances until the e-mail reached 18 target recipients in 13 countries.Watts found that the average number of intermediaries before the e-mail reached its intended destination to be

A)6
B)10.
C)32.
D)48.

Question 19

We all belong to many overlapping social groups, and in each we occupy a _____ in the _____ of the group.

A)degree of affiliation; cohesiveness
B)position; structure
C)behavioral pattern; context
D)status; hierarchy of needs

Question 20

Roles are _____ if they are NOT under the individual's control, such as being an only child.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)random
D)stereotyped

Question 21

During the Stanford Prison study,

A)guards did not take their roles seriously.
B)guards readily assumed their roles as agents of force.
C)the prisoners and the guards quickly became friendly towards one another.
D)three prisoners were so severely beaten they had to be hospitalized.

Question 22

Mothers with full-time jobs, coaches whose sons or daughters play on their team, and students who have jobs and families to take care of all experience

A)a change in status.
B)a shift in power.
C)groupthink.
D)role conflict.

Question 23

Roles contribute to the streamlining of everyday interactions because they

A)permit us to make fundamental attributions in social situations.
B)allow us to anticipate the actions of others.
C)frequently put us in positions of indecision about appropriate behavior.
D)can be learned with relatively little effort.

Question 24

Sam and Jennifer were just married.Being a husband and a wife would be considered

A)social stereotypes.
B)role conflicts.
C)achieved roles.
D)ascribed roles.

Question 25

Achieved role is to psychologist as ascribed role is to

A)church elder.
B)niece.
C)rock star.
D)spouse.

Question 26

If the various roles a person occupies require behaviors that are inconsistent with one another, there is

A)frustration and aggression.
B)role conflict.
C)a lack of cohesion.
D)a social exchange.

Question 27

_____ at work, such as being a good team player versus being a strong manager can lead to job burnout and negative health outcomes.

A)Ascribed roles
B)Role conflict
C)Groupthink
D)Role reversals

Question 28

Roles attained voluntarily or by special effort such, as teacher or bank leader, are called _____ roles.

A)perceived
B)ascribed
C)affective
D)achieved

Question 29

During research in a simulated prison situation

A)three prisoners were so severely beaten they had to be hospitalized.
B)guards did not take their roles seriously.
C)prisoners quickly became passive and dehumanized.
D)the prisoners and the guards quickly became friendly towards one another.

Question 30

Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called

A)ascribed roles.
B)achieved roles.
C)positions.
D)social selves.

Question 31

Zimbardo interpreted the results of his simulated prison study as an indication of the

A)powerful influence of roles on people.
B)tendency to show compassion to people in need.
C)weakness of social pressure in some situations.
D)tendency to displace aggression.

Question 32

In the Stanford Prison study, the prisoners and guards

A)were randomly assigned to be prisoners and guards.
B)were selected to be either prisoners and guards based on personality profiles.
C)chose which role, prisoner and guard, they would play.
D)were training to become prison guards when they went through this simulation.

Question 33

A university president occupies a(n) _____ role.

A)defined
B)ascribed
C)achieved
D)specified

Question 34

Justin is the lead guitarist for the punk rock band Wretched Flamingo.Being the guitarist in a band would be considered a(n)

A)ascribed role.
B)achieved role.
C)role conflict.
D)social stereotype.

Question 35

A teacher who must flunk a close friend's daughter will most likely experience

A)a change in status.
B)a shift in power.
C)groupthink.
D)role conflict.

Question 36

Vincent's behavior is shaped by his roles as a married teacher and by his second job as the sports writer for the local paper.These roles would be called _____ roles.

A)achieved
B)ascribed
C)ascertained
D)actualized

Question 37

A police officer who has to arrest his nephew for drug possession is likely experiencing

A)role conflict.
B)role reversal.
C)role exchange.
D)role diffusion.

Question 38

Regarding the Stanford Prison study, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Four of the students playing prisoners had to be released because they became severely depressed.
B)The students were selected to play the roles of prisoners and guards based on personality profiles.
C)After the experiment, the "guards" had difficulty in believing what they had done.
D)After six days, the experiment had to be halted.

Question 39

_____ conducted a simulated prison experiment that demonstrated the powerful effects of social roles.

A)Philip Zimbardo
B)Zick Rubin
C)Stanley Schachter
D)Irving Janis

Question 40

Sara and Carmen work at the same company and have been friends for a number of years.Recently, Carmen was promoted, making her Sara's supervisor.This situation may create

A)role conflict.
B)role reversal.
C)role exchange.
D)role diffusion.

Question 41

Group cohesiveness is particular strong for _____, which are groups with which a person mainly identifies.

A)ascribed groups
B)in-groups
C)status groups
D)achieved groups

Question 42

Zimbardo's prison experiment suggests that many destructive human relationships have their source in

A)conformity.
B)personality differences.
C)social roles.
D)group cohesiveness.

Question 43

_____ is the degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group.

A)Group structure
B)Group cohesiveness
C)Groupthink
D)Compliance

Question 44

_____ is shown when members of a group show more mutual affection and are closely coordinated.

A)Group structure
B)Group cohesiveness
C)Groupthink
D)Group compliance

Question 45

Group structure involves all but one of the following elements.Which does NOT belong?

A)roles
B)communication pathways
C)allocation of power
D)social comparisons

Question 46

A persons's in-group is often defined by

A)nationality and ethnicity.
B)age, gender, education, and income.
C)religion and political values.
D)a combination of all of these social dimensions.

Question 47

Organized groups, such as the army or an athletic team have a high degree of _____, while informal friendships may or many not have this characteristic.

A)group structure
B)groupthink
C)ascribed roles
D)social comparison

Question 48

Which of the following is a testament to the power of roles?

A)Cialdini's door-in-the-face effect
B)Milgram's message experiment
C)Zilstein's shock research
D)Zimbardo's prison experiment

Question 49

A large corporation sets up a friendly competition between all of its companies to increase worker safety.The company with the best record in six months will be awarded four additional paid holidays.The corporation is hoping to increase _____ as the workers at each company work together to win the competition.

A)groupthinking
B)group structure
C)group cohesiveness
D)group compliance

Question 50

Group structure refers to the

A)strength of the group members' desire to remain in the group.
B)the accepted but unspoken standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
C)organization of roles, communication, and power in the group.
D)degree of attraction among group members.

Question 51

A group to which a person identifies is known as the _____ group, while a group to which the person does not identify is known as the _____ group.

A)in-; out-
B)achieved; ascribed
C)norm; ethnocentric
D)social; reference

Question 52

Even though almost all the students at the National FFA conference are wearing similar jackets, it is relatively easy to pick out the different student groups competing because the members of each group are standing or sitting close together and tend to pay more attention to their group members than to the other people.This illustrates

A)group structure.
B)groupthink.
C)social comparison.
D)group cohesiveness.

Question 53

The difference in behavior between the "sadistic" guards and the "criminal" prisoners in the Zimbardo prison study is best attributed to

A)pathological personalities.
B)the roles they were asked to play.
C)personal histories not revealed in prior screening.
D)their respective ages.

Question 54

We tend to attribute positive characteristics to our _____ group and negative qualities to the _____ group.

A)in-; out-
B)achieved; ascribed
C)norm; ethnocentric
D)social; reference

Question 55

_____ is the basis for much of the power that groups exert over us.

A)Group structure
B)Group cohesiveness
C)Groupthink
D)Group compliance

Question 56

An individual's position in a social structure, especially with respect to power, privilege, or importance is known as

A)an ascribed role.
B)social dimension.
C)status.
D)self-assertion.

Question 57

The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group is known as

A)groupthink.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)group structure.
D)status comparisons.

Question 58

Therapy groups, businesses, and sports teams seek to increase _____ because it helps people work together better.

A)group structure
B)groupthink
C)group cohesiveness
D)group obedience

Question 59

Regarding in-groups and out-groups, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Cohesiveness is particularly strong for one's in-groups.
B)We tend to exaggerate differences between members of out-groups and our own group.
C)The existence of in-groups and out-groups sets the stage for conflict between groups and for racial and ethnic prejudice.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 60

Two important dimensions of any group are

A)ascribed and achieved roles.
B)structure and cohesiveness.
C)role diffusion and status.
D)groupthink and conformity.

Question 61

In most situations, people are more likely to comply with a request made by

A)a lower status person because of sympathy.
B)a higher status person only if he or she is polite.
C)a higher status person even if he or she were impolite.
D)someone of similar status to ourselves.

Question 62

Regarding the relationship of status and touching, _____ are more likely to touch _____ than the reverse.

A)people of lower economic status; people of higher economic status
B)younger persons; older persons
C)men; women
D)employees; their bosses

Question 63

In the experiment cited in your textbook in which researchers, some of which were dressed poorly and others well-dressed, asked people in bakeries for a croissant while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it, were studying the

A)difference between achieved roles and ascribed roles.
B)effects of status in society.
C)impact of social roles on prosocial behavior.
D)dimensions of group structure and cohesiveness.

Question 64

One of the basic forms of communication, touching, is highly correlated with

A)achieved roles
B)group structure.
C)achieved roles.
D)status.

Question 65

What is the relationship between privilege and status?

A)The higher the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
B)The lower the status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
C)There is no relationship between privilege and status.
D)The relationship between privilege and status is unclear.

Question 66

Mrs.Sollie has members of her sociology class go into an elevator and stand facing the rest of the occupants on the elevator, or walk into the cafeteria and begin singing and dancing.Other students then note people's reactions to these behaviors.Mrs.Sollie is having her students break

A)superordinate goals.
B)ascribed roles.
C)attributions.
D)social norms.

Question 67

Regarding the relationship of status and touching, _____ are more likely to touch _____ than the reverse.

A)people of lower economic status; people of higher economic status
B)older persons; younger persons
C)women; men
D)employees; their bosses

Question 68

The hostile reaction of others as you step in front of them in a grocery store checkout line occurs because you have violated

A)social norms.
B)social statuses.
C)social roles.
D)group cohesiveness.

Question 69

In a workplace, which of the following is most likely?

A)A male employee touches his boss's arm to get her attention.
B)A female employee touches her boss's arm to get her attention.
C)The boss touches an employee's arm to get his or her attention.
D)There will be no difference between employer and employee in touching.

Question 70

When a person of lower status touches one of higher status, the contact is more likely to be

A)personal.
B)familiar.
C)a handshake.
D)none of these.

Question 71

A(n) _____ is a widely accepted, but often unspoken standard for appropriate behavior.

A)ascribed role
B)achieved role
C)norm
D)group sanction

Question 72

Regarding the relationship of touch and status, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)People of high socioeconomic status are more likely to touch those of lower socioeconomic status.
B)Older persons are more likely to touch younger persons than the reverse.
C)When a person of higher status touches one of lower status, the contact is more likely to be formal or impersonal, such as a handshake.
D)Men are more likely to touch women than women are to touch men.

Question 73

When a person of higher status touches one of lower status, the contact is more likely to be

A)personal.
B)formal.
C)only a handshake.
D)none of these.

Question 74

In the experiment cited in your textbook, a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed, asked people in bakeries for croissants while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men were given croissants when they were impolite in asking for the croissant?

A)the well-dressed man
B)the poorly-dressed man
C)both men, regardless of how he was dressed
D)neither man, regardless of how he was dressed

Question 75

A group's established pattern of appropriate or acceptable behavior is referred to as its

A)norms.
B)rules.
C)structure.
D)standardization.

Question 76

Special privileges are bestowed upon a member of a group because of

A)convergent norms.
B)higher cohesiveness.
C)the actor-observer bias.
D)higher status.

Question 77

Regarding the relationship of status and touching, _____ are more likely to touch _____ than the reverse.

A)people of higher economic status; people of lower economic status
B)younger persons; older persons
C)women; men
D)employees; their bosses

Question 78

In the experiment cited in your textbook, a man dressed poorly and another man well-dressed, asked people in bakeries for croissants while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Which of the two men were given croissants if they asked politely?

A)the well-dressed man
B)the poorly-dressed man
C)both men, regardless of how he was dressed
D)neither man, regardless of how he was dressed

Question 79

Our society's preoccupation with expensive clothes and cars is shown by people's tendency to give more privileges and greater respect to individuals

A)we have sympathy for.
B)of higher status.
C)of similar status to ourselves.
D)we mistrust and are jealous of.

Question 80

Regarding the relationship of touch and status, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)People of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to touch those of higher socioeconomic status.
B)Younger persons are more likely to touch older persons than the reverse.
C)When a person of higher status touches one of lower status, the contact is more likely to be "personal" or familiar.
D)Women are more likely to touch men than men are to touch women.