Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed _____.

A) chunking
B) clumping
C) consolidating
D) compacting

Answer 1

chunking

Question 2

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur,from first to last?

A) Encoding → storage → retrieval
B) Storage → retrieval → encoding
C) Encoding → retrieval → storage
D) Storage → encoding → retrieval

Answer 2

Encoding → storage → retrieval

Question 3

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _____ rehearsal.

A) primary
B) elaborative
C) rote
D) maintenance

Answer 3

elaborative

Question 4

_____ memory refers to the initial,momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

A) Working
B) Long-term
C) Sensory
D) Short-term

Question 5

When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number,you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate,as in "3,3,7,2,3,4,8,3,9,2." Rather,you might say,"3,3,7 ...2,3,4 ...83,92." This exemplifies _____,a strategy to enhance _____ memory.

A) consolidation;sensory
B) consolidation;short-term
C) chunking;sensory
D) chunking;short-term

Question 6

Rehearsal refers to the:

A) inability to recall information that one realizes one knows.
B) grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory.
C) repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.
D) memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past.

Question 7

The study of sensory memory is associated with:

A) Elizabeth Loftus.
B) George Miller.
C) George Sperling.
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus.

Question 8

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

A) One or two items
B) Unlimited
C) About seven +/- two chunks
D) About a dozen chunks

Question 9

The process by which we encode,store,and retrieve information is known as _____.

A) perception
B) memory
C) rehearsal
D) cognition

Question 10

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them.The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory.Tommy should be able to repeat about _____ digits correctly.

A) short-term;4
B) short-term;7
C) sensory;4
D) sensory;7

Question 11

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once.We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines:

A) at the beginning of the poem.
B) in the middle of the poem.
C) at the end of the poem.
D) anywhere in the poem.

Question 12

We look up a number in the phone book,push the book away,and then begin to dial the number.Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

A) Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory.
B) Information lasts only 5-6 seconds in short-term memory.
C) Information can only last a minute or so in short-term memory.
D) Short-term memory can only hold one or two chunks of information.

Question 13

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the Junior Prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of:

A) encoding.
B) potentiation.
C) retrieval.
D) storage.

Question 14

In the late 1950s and early 1960s,psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of:

A) sensory memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) semantic networks.
D) long-term memory.

Question 15

Rehearsal serves to:

A) refresh sensory memory.
B) keep information in sensory memory.
C) transfer information to long-term memory.
D) retrieve specific information exclusively.

Question 16

_____ memory is defined as a set of active,temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.

A) Declarative
B) Semantic
C) Long-term
D) Working

Question 17

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

A) The precision of sensory memory is low due to its brief duration.
B) Sensory memory is the memory store in which information first has meaning.
C) Sensory memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.
D) Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed.

Question 18

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful.This process is known as _____.

A) potentiation
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) storage

Question 19

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory?

A) Sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory
B) Short-term memory → sensory memory → long-term memory
C) Short-term memory → working memory → long-term memory
D) Working memory → short-term memory → long-term memory

Question 20

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) declarative

Question 21

On your computer desktop,you can see all sorts of different files,each immediately accessible.Because you are actively working on them,and because you can open them whenever you want,these files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in:

A) long-term memory.
B) working memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 22

"Cat food,cola,toothpaste." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get to ready to leave to the store.He continues to list a few more items.Finally,he wraps up: "Coffee creamer,spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice tea mix." You forget a couple of things,but you do manage to get the cat food,cola,and toothpaste.Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

A) primacy
B) recency
C) serial memory
D) item order

Question 23

Having done "21 for 21" shots,Deanna barely remembers her 21^st birthday.That is,her _____ memory is sketchy.

A) procedural
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) working

Question 24

You examine the schedule for your favorite football team.The team plays sixteen games each season.Later you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do.Chances are you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well.This is an example of the _____ effect.

A) list
B) consolidation
C) primacy
D) depth-of-processing

Question 25

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n)_____ memory.

A) episodic
B) declarative
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of working memory?

A) Sensory memory is referred to as working memory.
B) Working memory avoids the use of cognitive resources of information.
C) Working memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis,although it may be difficult to retrieve.
D) Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.

Question 27

When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college,chances are you will recall your last few classes particularly well.What is this phenomenon called?

A) Chunking
B) Primacy effect
C) Recency effect
D) Memory consolidation

Question 28

Which of the following forms of memory refers to memory for skills and habits?

A) Declarative memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 29

Which of the following refers to declarative memory?

A) Memory for habits
B) Memory for skills
C) Memory for how to do things
D) Memory for names

Question 30

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

A) items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list.
B) the first several items on a list are remembered better than the items in the middle of the list.
C) rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items.
D) the most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered.

Question 31

"Milk,cereal,candy." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to the store.He continues to list a few more items.Finally,he wraps up: "Spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice tea mix." You forget a few things,but the spaghetti sauce,dish liquid,and ice tea mix are in the bag.Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

A) primacy
B) recency
C) list memory
D) serial order

Question 32

As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head,the numbers you are manipulating are in your _____ memory,and the multiplication tables you are drawing on are in _____ memory.

A) working;long-term
B) working;sensory
C) long-term;working
D) sensory;working

Question 33

The distinction between long-and short-term memory:

A) is somewhat artificial.
B) has failed to gain empirical support in memory research.
C) is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.
D) is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity?

A) Stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory.
B) Stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally.
C) Stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically.
D) Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.

Question 35

Our ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs.This is the _____ effect.

A) serial position
B) list memory
C) cereal position
D) item order

Question 36

"She did WHAT?" your roommate exclaims as you relate an anecdote about a mutual friend.Your roommate is processing your story in _____ memory.

A) working
B) sensory
C) semantic
D) long-term

Question 37

Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier.This is an example of _____ memory.

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) nondeclarative

Question 38

Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory?

A) Working memory is the initial,momentary storage of information,lasting only an instant.
B) Working memory uses cognitive resources during its operation which makes us less aware of our surroundings.
C) Stress can increase the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.
D) Working memory is a set of permanent memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.

Question 39

_____ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world,as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

A) Episodic
B) Semantic
C) Nondeclarative
D) Procedural

Question 40

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

A) the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items.
B) items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.
C) items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier.
D) those items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience of memory?

A) The initial encoding of information aided by the hippocampus is passed along to the amygdala.
B) The amygdala is especially involved with memories involving emotion.
C) The hippocampus is located within the brain's frontal lobes.
D) The amygdala aids in the initial encoding of information,acting as a kind of neurological e-mail system.

Question 42

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby:

A) the number of synaptic and dendritic connections between neurons increases with experience.
B) memories become fixed and stable for the long term.
C) neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs.
D) disturbing memories seem to gain in intensity over time.

Question 43

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant.He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form.Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using?

A) Rehearsal
B) Recognition
C) Consolidation
D) Recall

Question 44

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten.This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus,but also her:

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 45

_____ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

A) Recall
B) Recognition
C) Rehearsal
D) Chunk

Question 46

Three year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book.She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store.Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits?

A) Rehearsal
B) Recognition
C) Consolidation
D) Recall

Question 47

The hippocampus is located in the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

Question 48

An "oldie" playing on the radio may remind you of events that occurred when the song was current.The song is acting as a(n):

A) retrieval cue.
B) mnemonic.
C) flashbulb.
D) schema.

Question 49

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question,but not being quite able to say it.This is called the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon,and is a failure of:

A) retention.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) trace consolidation.

Question 50

Mickey is about to take his psychology final.Just before the exam,the person sitting next to Mickey asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning.Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name,but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long.Mickey is experiencing:

A) repression.
B) simple decay.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 51

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

A) retrieval cue.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) conservation.
D) chunking.

Question 52

"I know it! It's um ...um ...It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly.The contestant is falling prey to the _____ effect.

A) tip-of-the-tongue
B) flashbulb memory
C) motivated forgetting
D) retrograde interference

Question 53

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as:

A) spreading activation.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) network priming.
D) rote learning.

Question 54

Why is it so difficult to retrieve information from long-term memory?

A) The capacity of long-term memory is limited.
B) The duration of long-term memories is limited.
C) There is so much information being stored in long-term memory.
D) The material that makes its way to long-term memory is temporary.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience of memory?

A) In the process of long-term potentiation,memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.
B) The process called consolidation shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned.
C) The initial encoding of information aided by the amygdala is passed along to the hippocampus,where it is actually stored.
D) The engram is the physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory.

Question 56

Maguire,Woollett,& Spiers conducted an fMRI study of the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory.The study showed that years of experience driving a taxi in London was _____ correlated with the size of posterior portions of the hypothalamus and _____ correlated with the size of anterior portions of the hypothalamus.

A) positively;negatively
B) positively;positively
C) negatively;negatively
D) negatively;positively

Question 57

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test.He re-reads the question,scans the options beneath the question,and glances at other questions on the test.Most likely,Chad is looking for:

A) mnemonics.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) retrieval cues.
D) a miracle.

Question 58

The term engram is generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory.Why might this be?

A) Psychologists do not believe it is possible to identify the physical brain bases of a memory.
B) There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory.
C) Any given memory probably involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations as a stimulus contains a single sensory aspect.
D) The term engram typically involves physical memory that corresponds only to sensory memory.

Question 59

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008," asks a question on the midterm in an Economics course.Such a question is a test of _____ memory.

A) recall
B) procedural
C) recognition
D) non-declarative

Question 60

Which of the following statements accurately captures the relationship among the modules of long-term memory?

A) Episodic and semantic memory are both components of procedural memory.
B) Episodic and semantic memory are both components of declarative memory.
C) Declarative and semantic memory are both types of episodic memory.
D) Declarative and semantic memory are both types of procedural memory

Question 61

The levels-of-processing approach suggests:

A) specific information will be retained for longer when the level of information processing is deeper.
B) the existence of the three separate memory stores: sensory memory,shot-term memory,and long-term memory.
C) the lesser the intensity of the initial processing of information,the more likely we are to remember it.
D) when the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow,the information will be retained for longer.

Question 62

Which of the following is true of explicit memory and implicit memory?

A) Explicit memory and implicit memory cannot exist side by side.
B) Explicit memory can be studied through experiments that use priming.
C) Implicit memory is involved in prejudice and discrimination.
D) Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are consciously aware.

Question 63

Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory.Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory?

A) Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness.
B) Classical conditioning requires conscious awareness.
C) Classical conditioning is one mechanism whereby we learn actions and skills that we can recollect intentionally.
D) Classical conditioning allows us to learn from experience.

Question 64

Which of the following is true of the levels-of-processing theory?

A) At deep levels of processing,information is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects.
B) At shallow levels of processing,information is analyzed in terms of its meaning.
C) When the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow,the information will be retained for longer.
D) At an intermediate level of processing,information is translated into meaningful units.

Question 65

Bart remembers the release date of his favorite movie director's upcoming project.Which of the following forms of memory would have helped Bart?

A) Implicit memory
B) External memory
C) Explicit memory
D) Internal memory

Question 66

_____ is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information,even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept.

A) Rehearsal
B) Priming
C) Chunking
D) Flashbulb

Question 67

Which of the following searches explicit memory?

A) Jumping out of the path of an automobile coming toward us
B) A feeling of vague dislike for an acquaintance,without knowing why we have that feeling
C) Trying to remember a name encountered or learned about previously
D) Picking up the phone whenever it rings

Question 68

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

A) The less distinctive a stimulus is,the more likely we are to recall it later.
B) A distinctive stimulus always helps us remember where the information came from.
C) Flashbulb memories contain every detail of an original scene.
D) The details recalled in flashbulb memories are often inaccurate.

Question 69

A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a _____ and a(n)_____ test of memory.

A) recall;implicit
B) recall;explicit
C) recognition;implicit
D) recognition;explicit

Question 70

Christopher clearly remembers that he was practicing his dialogues for his school play when he heard that the governor of his state had been assassinated.This is an example of a(n)_____ memory.

A) nondeclarative
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 71

According to the levels-of-processing theory,which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests?

A) Grant,who attempts to memorize his notes
B) Irene,who pays close attention to what is taught in class
C) Noel,who reads the content in his text loudly
D) Giselle,who underlines the important content in the text

Question 72

The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center,Princess Diana's death,and the 1986 Challenger explosion.People's memories for the moment in which they learned of these events are termed _____ memories.

A) nondeclarative
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 73

Memories of which we are not consciously aware are called _____ memories.

A) internal
B) subliminal
C) subconscious
D) implicit

Question 74

The levels-of-processing approach:

A) assumes that the longer material is in working memory the more deep will be its memory traces.
B) is primarily concerned with a type of memory called "procedural."
C) suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than does maintenance rehearsal.
D) holds that meaningless material produces greater depth of processing than does material that can easily be fitted into meaningful contexts.

Question 75

"I don't know who told me first,but I heard that Kenny…" Lana begins,sharing gossip on the phone to a friend.Lana is experiencing:

A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) source amnesia.

Question 76

Julia is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test.To answer the question correctly,Julia has to use _____ memory.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) subconscious
D) implied

Question 77

"I know it! It's um ...um ... ," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly.The contestant is engaged in a test of her _____ memory.

A) external
B) explicit
C) internal
D) implicit

Question 78

_____ amnesia occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it.

A) Retrograde
B) Source
C) Anterograde
D) Dissociative

Question 79

According to the levels-of-processing theory,which of the following study techniques would enhance memory best?

A) Highlighting important passages in the text
B) Reading aloud important passages in the text
C) Focusing on the meaning of important passages in the text
D) Visualizing pages from the text,then "reading" the material contained in them

Question 80

Flashbulb memories:

A) typically concern major,unexpected public or personal events.
B) are remarkably accurate,even years after the initial event.
C) must be due to special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events.
D) are generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events,because of the emotion surrounding the original event.