Deck 5: Motivation: Background and Theories

Question 1

The essence of equity theory is that employees compare their efforts and rewards with those of others in similar work situations.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

One apparent weakness of Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is that its findings haven't been replicated by other researchers.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Applying the terms of the expectancy theory of motivation,instrumentality refers to a person's perception of how first-level outcomes are associated with second-level outcomes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Unlike Maslow's hierarchy,Aldfer's ERG theory can claim empirical verification.

Question 5

Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation presents a view that job satisfaction results from the presence of extrinsic motivators.

Question 6

The two factors within Herzberg's theory are labeled motivators and hygiene.

Question 7

Herzberg's work is accepted as generalizable to non-US locations.

Question 8

Process theories of motivation focus on the factors within the person that energize,direct,sustain,and stop behavior.

Question 9

None of the four content theories presented in the text can or should be used by managers as the sole basis for explaining or inferring motivation.

Question 10

Needs are forces acting on an employee that initiate and direct behavior.

Question 11

Process motivation theories include Herzberg's,Vroom's and Skinners' work.

Question 12

Needs may be physiological,psychological or sociological.

Question 13

Maslow's need hierarchy suggests a frustration-regression process is possible if an individual's attempts to obtain higher level needs are continually thwarted.

Question 14

While both Maslow and Alderfer offers five-level need hierarchies,Alderfer states that there is also a frustration-regression process at work that plays a major role in motivating people.

Question 15

Within the equity theory,the "comparison other" may be any individual(s)or group used by "Person" as a referent regarding the ratio of inputs and outcomes.

Question 16

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is a projective test that was used to establish the viability of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory.

Question 17

According to Vroom's expectancy theory,expectancy has a value ranging from -1,indicating no chance that an outcome will occur after the behavior or act,to +1,indicating certainty that a particular outcome will follow an act or a behavior.

Question 18

The process theories of motivation describe how employees are motivated or how they select behaviors to meet their needs and determine whether they made the most successful choice.

Question 19

Maslow states that there is a frustration-regression process at work that plays a major role in motivating people.

Question 20

McClelland's Learned Needs theory focuses on: the need for achievement (n Ach),the need for affiliation (n Aff),and the need for power (n Pow).

Question 21

_____________ theory implies that individuals are motivated to engage in behavior to satisfy one of the three sets of needs.

A)Expectancy
B)EGR
C)ERG
D)Egalitarian

Question 22

Procedural justice is the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed throughout an organization.

Question 23

Within the equity theory,"inputs" are constrained to perceived effort and do not include skills,experience,or learning.

Question 24

Content theories of motivation _______________.

A)focus on the factors within the person that energize,direct,sustain,and stop behavior
B)attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate people
C)describe and analyze how behavior is energized,directed,sustained,and stopped by factors primarily external to the person
D)Both A and B

Question 25

When taking a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),people tend to write stories that reflect their dominant needs.

Question 26

John perceives that he works harder than but gets paid less than his coworkers.According to equity theory,John will most likely quit his job.

Question 27

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

A)that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behavior toward satisfying upper-level needs
B)lower-order needs must be satisfied before a higher-order need such as self-actualization begins to direct a person's behavior
C)a satisfied need ceases to motivate
D)All of the above

Question 28

Intrinsic conditions include pay,status,and working conditions.

Question 29

Need explanations are popular because they're so easy to remember.

Question 30

Maslow's theory assumes _______________.

A)a person only progresses up the need hierarchy once his lower-level needs have been effectively met
B)if a person is continually frustrated in attempts to satisfy growth needs,relatedness needs reemerge as a major motivating force,causing the individual to redirect efforts toward exploring new ways to satisfy this lower-order need category
C)hygiene factors may dissatisfy but will not lead to motivation
D)Both A and B

Question 31

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation differs from Maslow's need hierarchy _______________.

A)on how the "comparison other" are determined
B)on how people move through the different levels of needs
C)on what is considered a dissatisfier
D)All of the above

Question 32

Perceived overpayment inequity is more likely to occur when friends are involved.

Question 33

According to Alderfer's ERG theory if a subordinate's higher-order needs (e.g.,growth)are being blocked,then it's in the manager's best interest to _______________.

A)remove all dissatisfiers and promote an environment that promotes self-direction
B)attempt to create a path for the employee to achieve this goal
C)attempt to redirect the subordinate's efforts toward relatedness needs
D)attempt to redirect the subordinate's efforts toward relatedness or existence needs

Question 34

The frustration-regression process is associated with the _______________ theory of motivation.

A)expectancy
B)ERG
C)two-factor
D)None of the above

Question 35

Herzberg's theory identifies two factors.These two factors have been referred to as _______________.

A)dissatisfiers and satisfiers
B)hygiene and motivators
C)extrinsic and intrinsic
D)All of the above

Question 36

Procedural justice refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

Question 37

Process theories of motivation _______________.

A)focus on the factors within the person that energize,direct,sustain,and stop behavior
B)attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate people
C)describe and analyze how behavior is energized,directed,sustained,and stopped by factors primarily external to the person
D)Both A and B

Question 38

The equity theory of motivation focuses exclusively on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are paid compared with others.

Question 39

Process explanations of motivation suggest that motivation varies from situation to situation.

Question 40

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation presents that there are _______________.

A)five levels needs: physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,and self-actualization
B)three levels of needs: physiological,social,and growth
C)three levels of needs: existence,relatedness,and growth
D)None of the above

Question 41

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation the valence concept applies to _______________.

A)first-and second-level outcomes
B)second-level needs only
C)first-level needs
D)intrinsic needs

Question 42

Using McClelland's prescriptions,a manager trying to develop a positive high need for affiliation would be encouraged to all of the following except: _______________.

A)Point out models of achievement to employees.Identify and publicize the accomplishments of achievement heroes-the successful people,the winners-and use them as models
B)Arrange job tasks so that employees receive periodic feedback on performance,providing information that enables them to make modifications or corrections
C)Introduce realism into all work-related topics: promotion,rewards,transfer,development opportunities,and team membership opportunities.Employees should think in realistic terms and think positively about how they can accomplish goals
D)None of the above

Question 43

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory,"motivators" include all of the following except _______________.

A)meaningful work
B)feeling of achievement
C)opportunities for growth
D)Pay

Question 44

Critiques of Herzberg's theory include _______________.

A)a view that it oversimplifies the nature of job satisfaction
B)that little attention is directed toward testing the theory's performance implications
C)questions regarding its generalizability
D)All of the above

Question 45

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is _______________.

A)an example of a critical incident tool
B)a projective test
C)an introspective test
D)None of the above

Question 46

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation,the preference for outcomes,as seen by the individual,is termed _______________.

A)instrumentality
B)expectancy
C)valence
D)motivation

Question 47

The essence of _______________ is that employees compare their efforts and rewards with those of others in similar work situations.

A)equity theory
B)reward theory
C)ERG theory
D)expectancy

Question 48

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory the _________.

A)absence of satisfiers doesn't prove highly dissatisfying
B)absence of satisfiers is highly dissatisfying
C)absence of satisfiers can be addressed by providing additional hygiene factor items
D)level of motivation can be determined by one's placement on the satisfaction-dissatisfaction continuum

Question 49

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation,an individual's perception that first-level outcomes are associated with second-level outcomes is termed _______________.

A)instrumentality
B)expectancy
C)valence
D)motivation

Question 50

Applying Herzberg's two-factor theory,an employee who is paid well,has job security,has good relationships with co-workers and the supervisor but is not given any challenging assignments and is very bored with his/her job is likely to have _______________.

A)low job dissatisfaction,high job satisfaction
B)high job dissatisfaction,low job satisfaction
C)low job dissatisfaction,low job satisfaction
D)high job dissatisfaction,high job satisfaction

Question 51

An expectancy value of ____ indicates no chance that an outcome will occur after the behavior or act.

A)1
B)0
C)-1
D)-10

Question 52

An employee's response to a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is that the man at the desk is working long hours and misses his family,but nonetheless,remains at work to complete an important project.This response may be taken that the employee's dominant need is the _________.

A)n Aff
B)n Pow
C)n Ach
D)n Fam

Question 53

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)assess individual differences in _______________.

A)the need for achievement,need for power,and need for affiliation
B)the need for existence,relatedness,and growth factors.
C)preferences for intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
D)individual position within the hierarchy of needs

Question 54

Using McClelland's prescriptions,a manager trying to develop a positive high need for achievement would be encouraged to: _______________.

A)Point out models of achievement to employees.Identify and publicize the accomplishments of achievement heroes-the successful people,the winners-and use them as models
B)Work with employees to improve their self-image.High n Ach people like themselves and seek moderate challenges and responsibilities
C)Arrange job tasks so that employees receive periodic feedback on performance,providing information that enables them to make modifications or corrections
D)All of the above

Question 55

Within Herzberg's two-factor theory,"hygiene factors" include all of the following except _______________.

A)status
B)opportunities for advancement
C)fringe benefits
D)policies and procedures

Question 56

Herzberg's original research on the two-factor theory was based upon _________.

A)a worldwide survey of IBM employees
B)a group of 200 accountants and engineers
C)208 employees working in 13 different jobs in a telephone company
D)None of the above

Question 57

Research has indicated that High n Ach persons prefer: _______________.

A)to avoid easy performance goals
B)to avoid difficult performance goals
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 58

Within the context of the expectancy theory of motivation,the perceived chance of something occurring because of a behavior is termed _______________.

A)instrumentality
B)expectancy
C)valence
D)motivation

Question 59

According to the two-factor theory of motivation,pay is generally considered a _______________.

A)hygiene factor
B)motivator
C)first order outcome
D)None of the above

Question 60

The expectancy theory of motivation considers two levels of outcomes.These are _______________.

A)intrinsic and extrinsic
B)first-and second-level
C)hygiene and motivating
D)positive and negative

Question 61

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists,a person may be motivated to restore equity by all of the following except _______________.

A)changing the reference person
B)changing outcomes
C)reverting to a lower level need
D)Both B and C

Question 62

Jeff senses an inequity and has decided to ask his boss for more time off.He is trying to ____________________.

A)change the reference person
B)change the situation
C)change the outcome
D)change inputs

Question 63

Present the main characteristics of Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation and Maslow's need hierarchy.In your opinion,which one more accurately describes how motivation occurs within organizations,justify your answer.

Question 64

Within the context of equity theory,"inputs" may include all of the following except _______________.

A)experience
B)skills
C)race
D)None of the above

Question 65

While similar,Maslow's and Alderfer's theory are distinct.Which theory do you believe is more effective in describing motivation?

Question 66

Equity theory proposes that when inequity exists,a person may be motivated to restore equity by _______________.

A)changing inputs
B)changing the reference person
C)changing the situation
D)All of the above

Question 67

McClelland was the founder of the ____________________.

A)learned needs theory
B)two-factor theory (hygiene-motivators)
C)five-level need hierarchy
D)three-level hierarchy (ERG)

Question 68

Process theories describe and analyze how behavior is energized,directed,sustained,and stopped by factors primarily ____________________ to the individual.

A)internal
B)external
C)unrelated
D)oblivious

Question 69

Pay is not a "motivator." Use the concepts of Herzberg's two-factor theory to support or refute this statement.

Question 70

_______________ refers to the perceived equity or fairness of the organization's processes and procedures used to make resource and allocation decisions.

A)Organizational justice
B)Procedural justice
C)Distributive justice
D)Process justice

Question 71

Alderfer's ERG theory of motivation and Maslow's need hierarchy are similar in many respects.Describe the primary differences between these two theories.

Question 72

Components of organizational justice include _______________.

A)administrative justice
B)bureaucratic justice
C)distributive justice
D)process justice

Question 73

_______________ refers to the degree to which individuals feel fairly treated at the workplace.

A)Organizational justice
B)Procedural justice
C)Distributive justice
D)Process justice

Question 74

According to equity theory,a ____________________ is any individual(s)or group used by Person as a referent regarding the ratio of inputs and outcomes.

A)person
B)comparison other
C)ratio comparison
D)perceptive other

Question 75

Locke presents that if employees are in a state of positive inequity,i.e.overpaid,they are likely to _______________.

A)adjust their work efforts to restore equity
B)apply the concept of administrative justice to justify their compensation
C)adjust their idea of what constitutes an equitable payment to justify their pay
D)report the inequity and request a compensation adjustment

Question 76

Pat has decreased her work output because she believes that others are getting paid the same amount for doing less.This may be an example of the ________ theory of motivation.

A)expectancy
B)equity
C)justice
D)ERG

Question 77

John believes that employees are treated arbitrarily and inconsistently.This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

A)administrative justice
B)procedural justice
C)distributive justice
D)process justice

Question 78

Compare the content and process explanations of motivation and briefly present three theories within each approach.

Question 79

Maslow hypothesized five classes of needs.In order of level (lowest to highest),they are:

A)Social,esteem,physiological,safety,and self-actualization
B)Physiological,safety,social,self-actualization,and esteem
C)Physiological,safety,social,esteem,and self-actualization
D)Self-actualization,safety,social,physiological,esteem

Question 80

Joe believes that his department has not been allocated a fair portion of the organization's research budget.This may be considered a perception of low _______________.

A)administrative justice
B)procedural justice
C)distributive justice
D)process justice