Deck 12: Introduction to Bivariate Association and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

Question 1

The relationship between measures of association and causal relations between variables may be summarized as

A)association proves causation.
B)association does not prove causation.
C)association and causation are unrelated concepts.
D)measures of association can be used only for prediction,never as evidence of a causal relationship between variables.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To prove that one variable causes another,we use

A)measures of association.
B)tests of significance.
C)ANOVA.
D)None of these;neither measures of association or tests of significance can prove causal relationships.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The distribution of scores on the dependent variable for a specific category of the independent variable is called

A)associated categories.
B)the distribution correlation.
C)the conditional distribution of Y.
D)the marginal response category.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

To display the effects of the X variable on the Y variable in a bivariate table when the independent variable has been arranged in the columns,compute percentages

A)within each column.
B)between each column.
C)within each row.
D)using N as the denominator.

Question 5

If the distribution of the scores of one variable changes across the categories of another variable,the variables

A)are associated to some extent
B)are related in a way that is statistically significant
C)have a cause and effect relationship
D)are perfectly associated

Question 6

A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and concludes that "higher levels of education cause higher income." What error has been made?

A)None,the argument is sound.
B)Income is only nominal in level of measurement and education is ordinal so they cannot be causally related.
C)Since these variables are continuous and interval ratio,they cannot have a causal relationship.
D)By itself,association does not prove causation.

Question 7

Measures of association help social scientists accomplish two important goals:

A)prediction and forecasting.
B)understanding causation and measuring concepts.
C)prediction and correlation.
D)prediction and understanding causation.

Question 8

Conventionally,each column of a bivariate table represents

A)the highest scores of each variable.
B)a category of the independent variable (X).
C)a category of the dependent variable (Y).
D)the lowest scores on each variable.

Question 9

If there is an association between two variables,

A)the scores of the cases are approximately equal.
B)the distributions of the scores approach normality.
C)all of the scores are in the same row in the bivariate table.
D)the conditional distributions of Y change.

Question 10

Measures of association

A)increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables.
B)provide proof of causal relationships among variables.
C)enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another.
D)both increase our understanding of causal relationships among variables and enhance our ability to predict from one variable to another

Question 11

With the independent variable in the columns,the "maximum difference" is the largest difference

A)in column percents in any row.
B)in row percents in any column.
C)between the marginals.
D)between any two cell frequencies.

Question 12

Tests of significance and measures of association provide information about sample data that is

A)complementary.
B)contradictory.
C)unnecessary.
D)redundant.

Question 13

Tests of significance tell us if our results are non-random.To investigate the strength and direction of relationships,we must use

A)Chi square tests.
B)ANOVA.
C)percentages.
D)measures of association.

Question 14

Measures of association provide the researcher with information that

A)indicates the strength of a relationship between variables.
B)assists him or her in making predictions from one variable to another.
C)facilitates his or her understanding of causal relationships between variables.
D)all of these

Question 15

If variables are arranged in a bivariate table,we can see if they are associated by

A)adding their scores vertically.
B)subtracting their scores horizontally.
C)computing percentages in the direction of the independent variable.
D)computing percentages in the direction of the dependent variable.

Question 16

Measures of association ____ the importance of a relationship between variables.

A)nullify
B)quantify
C)prove
D)maximize

Question 17

A researcher can demonstrate a strong association between gender and income.Which variable is independent?

A)gender
B)both
C)income
D)neither

Question 18

If social class is a cause of a person's political ideology,then ____ is the independent variable and ____ is dependent.

A)class;ideology
B)ideology;class
C)person;ideology
D)information is not sufficient to tell which is independent and which dependent

Question 19

If the conditional distributions of Y change,the variables are

A)independent.
B)not associated.
C)significantly related.
D)associateD.

Question 20

In a bivariate table,the categories of the dependent variable are placed in the

A)rows.
B)columns.
C)marginals.
D)far right-hand column.

Question 21

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The maximum difference is 25.This is a ____ relationship.

A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong

Question 22

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)the maximum difference.

Question 23

If the maximum difference is less then 10,the relationship is

A)strong
B)moderate
C)weak
D)statistically significant

Question 24

"As the temperature rises,the crime rate increases."

A)This is a positive relationship.
B)If the temperature falls below zero degrees,there is no crime.
C)If the temperature would remain stable,the crime rate would stay the same.
D)Criminals should be incarcerated in Alaska.

Question 25

If there is a perfect association between sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat,then

A)sex is unhealthy.
B)there is strong evidence that sexual attraction and accelerated heartbeat are causally related.
C)if there is no sexual attraction,the heartbeat never accelerates.
D)whenever the heartbeat accelerates,people become sexually attractive.

Question 26

If the maximum difference is greater than 30,the relationship is

A)strong.
B)moderate.
C)weak.
D)statistically significant.

Question 27

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variable measured at the

A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)continuous level.

Question 28

If the conditional distributions of Y do not change across the categories of X,any measure of association and the maximum difference would be

A)1.00.
B)0.00.
C)0.10.
D)100.

Question 29

The table below displays the effects of hair color on political ideology for a sample.How should this relationship be characterized?
$\begin{array}{lcc}&\underline{\text { Hair Color }}\\&\underline{\text { Blonde }}& \underline{\text { Not Blonde } }\\\text { Liberal }&{60 \%} &{60 \%} \\\text {Conservative }&\underline{40 \%} & \underline{40 \%}\\&{100 \%} & {100 \%}\\\end{array}$

A)this is a strong,positive relationship
B)this is a strong,negative relationship
C)there is no relationship between these variables
D)this is a perfect relationship

Question 30

In a 2x2 table,phi ranges in value from

A)-1.00 to +1.00.
B)0 to 1.00.
C)0 to $\pm$ 1.00.
D)1 to 100.

Question 31

When using bivariate tables to investigate association,researchers should always ____ in addition to analyzing measures of association.

A)calculate chi square
B)calculate column percentages
C)conduct an ANOVA test
D)calculate means,standard deviations,and medians

Question 32

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels,measures of association will have a lower limit of ____ and an upper limit of ____.

A)0;100
B)0; $\pm$ 1
C)0;1
D)1;0

Question 33

The closer the value of a measure of association is to one,

A)the stronger the relationship.
B)the more evenly the scores are distributed.
C)the weaker the relationship.
D)the more certain we are that the samples are representative.

Question 34

If there is a positive association between two variables,

A)as one variable increases in value,the other also increases.
B)as one variable decreases in value,the other increases.
C)the researcher can be certain of his conclusions.
D)neither variable can decrease.

Question 35

"As education increases,income rises." This is an example of a

A)non-causal relationship
B)positive relationship
C)negative relationship
D)neutral relationship

Question 36

In the case of a perfect association,predictions from one variable to another can be made

A)only if variables are measured at the nominal level.
B)when at least one variable is ordinal.
C)without error.
D)only if the relationship is positive.

Question 37

A researcher tested the relationship between education and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found that support increased as education increased and that the maximum difference was 45.This relationship is

A)strong negative.
B)weak positive.
C)strong positive.
D)significant but not important.

Question 38

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

A)an ANOVA test has already been conducted.
B)percentages have not been calculated.
C)cell frequencies are unknown.
D)Chi square has already been calculateD.

Question 39

For variables measured at the nominal level,measures of association will have a lower limit of ____ and an upper limit of ____.

A)0;100
B)-1;+1
C)0;1
D)1;0

Question 40

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

A)appropriate for 2x2 tables.
B)relatively easy to calculate.
C)based on chi square.
D)all of these

Question 41

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

A)are very rare.
B)are mathematically impossible.
C)can actually indicate negative relationships.
D)can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

Question 42

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE),if two variables are associated then information about the independent variable

A)eliminates errors in the prediction of the dependent variable.
B)reduces the number of errors in predicting the dependent variable.
C)has no effect on the ability to predict the dependent variable.
D)decreases errors of prediction for negative relationships and increases errors for positive relationships.

Question 43

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

A)ignored.
B)squared.
C)taken into account.
D)expressed as a percentage.

Question 44

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

A)causes us to make more prediction errors.
B)improves the accuracy of our predictions.
C)does not change the number of errors of prediction.
D)makes prediction of the dependent variable impossible.

Question 45

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE)?

A)lambda
B)phi
C)Cramer's V
D)alpha

Question 46

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore

A)the variables are not associated.
B)the variables are associated.
C)the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable.
D)phi will be 0.

Question 47

In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression (minimum of r-1,c-1)

A)appears in the numerator.
B)tells us to use phi if there are fewer than 3 rows or columns.
C)is in the denominator.
D)is used only for samples larger than 100.

Question 48

Is there an association between support for the legalization of marijuana and age? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V and lambda for the table below and write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.

Question 49

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.

A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong

Question 50

In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi

A)can be greater than 1.00
B)can be less than zero
C)is no more than 0.05
D)is 100

Question 51

A state is considering legislation to establish a fifteen day waiting period for the purchase of hand guns.A sample of 392 citizens has been questioned regarding their opinions.Is there a relationship between sex and support for this law? Calculate percentages,Phi,and lambda for the table below and write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.

Question 52

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)any of these

Question 53

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women.A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction.This result shows that

A)women experience greater marital satisfaction.
B)men experience greater marital satisfaction.
C)there is a weak relationship between the variables.
D)there is a positive relationship between the variables.

Question 54

Proportional reduction in error (PRE)measures of association are based on the logic of

A)percentages.
B)inference.
C)prediction.
D)zero errors.

Question 55

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

A)strong.
B)weak.
C)positive.
D)significant but not important.

Question 56

For tables larger than 2x2,phi can exceed 1.00.This makes phi

A)useless.
B)difficult to interpret.
C)the best measure of association.
D)preferable to Cramer's V.

Question 57

For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be

A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)gamma.