Deck 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology

Question 1

Müller believed that,with his doctrine of specific nerve energies,he had discovered the:

A)solution to the mind-body problem
B)seat of consciousness
C)physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
D)vibrations that Hartley and Newton had postulated in their analysis of nerve conduction

Answer 1

physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought

Question 2

Bell is given first name credit on the Bell-Magendie law because:

A)he conducted and published the research for a wide audience first
B)he did all of the research and Magendie just confirmed what he had found
C)he conducted the research and distributed it to friends via a pamphlet
D)Magendie actually should have been given full credit for the law

Answer 2

he conducted the research and distributed it to friends via a pamphlet

Question 3

It was ____ that provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology.

A)astronomy
B)physiology
C)Kant's philosophy
D)Newton

Answer 3

physiology

Question 4

Müller's contention that there were five types of sensory nerves,each containing a characteristic energy,was called:

A)the Bell-Magendie law
B)the doctrine of specific nerve energies
C)the principle of the conservation of energy
D)the law of forward conduction

Question 5

Kant's nativism stressed mental categories,whereas Müller stressed:

A)consciousness
B)physiological mechanisms
C)psychophysics
D)adequate stimulation

Question 6

What stimulated the creation of the new science of physiology?

A)growing evidence that there was a discrepancy between objective and subjective reality
B)often there was not a point-to-point correspondence between physical reality and the psychological experience of it
C)a desire to know how the mind and the body were related to developments in mathematics
D)growing evidence that animal spirits did not exist and that vitalism was false

Question 7

Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except:

A)the same laws apply to living and nonliving things
B)nothing needed to be excluded from scientific analysis
C)as useful as science was,it could never investigate life itself
D)without innate ideas our knowledge of the physical world would be incomplete or distorted

Question 8

According to the ____,energy is never created or lost in a system,but is only transformed from one form to another.

A)Bell-Magendie law
B)vitalist's position
C)antivitalist's position
D)principle of conservation of energy

Question 9

The ____ maintained that life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical properties alone.

A)materialists
B)vitalists
C)physiologists
D)antivitalists

Question 10

Bessel used personal equations to:

A)select the astronomers who would work for him
B)correct differences in the reaction times among various observers
C)make sure all his assistants had exactly the same reaction times
D)demonstrate the value of experimental psychology

Question 11

Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits,or a vital force,believed that:

A)measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible
B)measuring the speed of nerve conduction may be possible in the future when better technology becomes available
C)science could not study human life empirically
D)life could be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical processes alone

Question 12

According to Helmholtz,sensations were combined with the memories of previous experiences to cause perception through the process of:

A)unconscious inference
B)logical deduction
C)conservation
D)more than one of the above

Question 13

Kant and Helmholtz agreed that:

A)the faculties of the mind were innate
B)the perceiver transformed what the senses provided
C)perception was explained by unconscious inference
D)nativism provided a better explanation of perception than did empiricism

Question 14

For Müller,adequate stimulation is defined as:

A)stimulation that is above the threshold of awareness
B)the amount of stimulation that is enough to cause an organism to react
C)the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive
D)stimulation that causes any sense receptor to fire with equal ease

Question 15

Müller believed that:

A)the physical world was as we perceived it to be
B)our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess
C)we could assume that our sense impressions accurately reflect physical reality because God would not deceive us
D)our view of physical reality would be the same if we had only one sensory system instead of five

Question 16

The Bell-Magendie law was significant because:

A)it solved the mind-body problem
B)it confirmed Hartley's view of nerve conduction
C)it demonstrated that specific mental functions were mediated by different anatomical structures
D)it allowed the individual differences in reaction times among astronomers to be equated

Question 17

Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they:

A)continued to perceive normally
B)would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally
C)would make perceptual mistakes until the lenses came off
D)could not make any correct judgments of object distances

Question 18

Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they:

A)needed to learn to perceive
B)immediately perceived normally
C)could perceive normally only while wearing distorted lenses
D)could never perceive normally

Question 19

According to Müller,we are directly aware of:

A)objects in the physical world
B)sensory impulses
C)primary qualities
D)categories of thought

Question 20

Concerning the rate of nerve conduction,Helmholtz found that:

A)it was measurable in frogs but not in humans
B)it was almost instantaneous and therefore not measurable
C)not only was it measurable,but it was fairly slow
D)it was essentially what Müller thought it to be

Question 21

According to Hering's theory of color vision,if a person stares at a yellow object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper,he or she would experience a ____ afterimage.

A)yellow
B)red
C)green
D)blue

Question 22

Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties was called:

A)monadology
B)faculty psychology
C)craniology
D)phrenology

Question 23

Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D.in 1882,she was not granted the degree until 1926.The delay was because:

A)Johns Hopkins did not have a Ph.D.program until 1926
B)she was a woman
C)of her dissertation topic
D)the quality of her research was considered inferior to that of other Ph.D.candidates and required additional work.

Question 24

Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features,bodily structure,posture,and movement,was called:

A)physiognomy
B)the theory of signs
C)unconscious inference
D)vitalism

Question 25

Which of the following is associated with Gall?

A)an attempt to relate personality traits and behavior to specific brain functions
B)the discovery of the differential functioning of gray and white matter in the brain
C)suggested a relationship between cortical development and mental functioning
D)all of these choices

Question 26

According to Ladd-Franklin,which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision?

A)red-green sensitivity ® blue-yellow sensitivity ® achromatic vision
B)achromatic vision ® red-green sensitivity ® blue-yellow sensitivity
C)blue-yellow sensitivity ® achromatic vision ® red-green sensitivity
D)achromatic vision ® blue-yellow sensitivity ® red-green sensitivity

Question 27

Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:

A)mathematics
B)intuition
C)evolutionary theory
D)a combination of mathematics and intuition

Question 28

In explaining auditory perception,Helmholtz assumed that a sound wave of a particular frequency caused the appropriate fiber in the ____ to vibrate.

A)retina
B)auditory harp
C)basilar membrane
D)middle ear

Question 29

Kant's account of perception was ____,while Helmholtz's account was ____.

A)nativistic;rationalistic
B)rationalistic;nativistic
C)nativistic;empiricistic
D)empiricistic;nativistic

Question 30

Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:

A)sensations so accurately reflected physical reality
B)physiological mechanisms provided such accurate information about the physical world
C)sensory systems distorted our knowledge of the physical world to the extent that they do
D)the faculties of the mind could correct the distorted information about the physical world that we received from our senses

Question 31

All of the following were reasons for the widespread popularity of phrenology except:

A)it seemed to offer a quick,valid character analysis
B)it seemed to offer a means for objective,materialistic analysis of the mind
C)it seemed to provide an abundance of useful information
D)it provided conclusive evidence that faculty psychology was false

Question 32

According to Helmholtz,it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses.He described this process with his:

A)concept of unconscious inference
B)theory of signs
C)principle of conservation of energy
D)trichromatic theory

Question 33

Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought,Helmholtz demonstrated that:

A)they were innate,as Kant suggested they were
B)some were innate,but most were learned from experience
C)they were all derived from experience
D)the only one that was innate concerned the axioms of geometry

Question 34

What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?

A)there were many localized cortical functions
B)there was some localization in the subcortical areas of the brain
C)the cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole
D)there were vast individual differences among human brains

Question 35

The belief that educational experiences could be arranged so that they strengthen certain faculties of the mind was called:

A)phrenology
B)formal discipline
C)faculty psychology
D)cortical expansion

Question 36

Gall believed all of the following except:

A)there was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence
B)the faculties of the mind were located in specific locations
C)the bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties
D)the mind functioned as an indivisible whole

Question 37

For Hering,space perception resulted from:

A)an innate category of the mind as Kant described
B)innate characteristics of the eye which provide information on height,left-right position,and depth
C)innate ideas
D)sensory experience plus the laws of association

Question 38

Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence.

A)Kant
B)Hering
C)Young
D)Weber

Question 39

Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the:

A)doctrine of specific nerve energies
B)resonance place theory
C)auditory harp theory
D)trichromatic theory

Question 40

To account for color vision,Helmholtz postulated the existence of:

A)three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors
B)separate receptors for each wavelength in the visual spectrum
C)one type of receptor that responded to all of the wavelengths in the visual spectrum
D)animal spirits

Question 41

Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one the:

A)just noticeable difference
B)two-point threshold
C)psychophysical threshold
D)localization of experience

Question 42

The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with:

A)speech comprehension
B)visual analysis
C)speech articulation
D)motor movement differentiation

Question 43

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically,the magnitude of stimulation must rise:

A)arithmetically
B)geometrically
C)algebraically
D)in a negative direction

Question 44

Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:

A)two-point threshold
B)just noticeable difference
C)limen
D)psychophysical threshold

Question 45

The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with:

A)speech comprehension
B)visual analysis
C)speech articulation
D)motor movement differentiation

Question 46

____ is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events.

A)Philosophy
B)Materialism
C)Epistemology
D)Psychophysics

Question 47

Using the method of ____,the subject is instructed to adjust a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus.After this,the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined.

A)adjustment
B)limits
C)constant fixation
D)stimulus fixation

Question 48

Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus could be detected the:

A)differential threshold
B)absolute threshold
C)just noticeable difference
D)petites perceptions

Question 49

In his work on two-point threshold,Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold)was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold)was ____.

A)nose;forearm
B)tongue;finger tip
C)finger tip;ear lobe
D)tongue;middle of the back

Question 50

One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was:

A)they found that when a certain area of the cortex was stimulated,muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body
B)they used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex
C)they mapped cortical regions to the senses
D)they performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of a behavioral deficit

Question 51

During his work on kinesthesis,Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight.For lifted weights,that fraction is:

A)1/20
B)1/30
C)1/35
D)1/40

Question 52

Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands.He attributed this increased sensitivity to:

A)kinesthesis
B)the two-point threshold
C)the method of adjustment
D)unconscious inference

Question 53

Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing and in so doing he created the field of:

A)psychophysics
B)experimental esthetics
C)phrenological art
D)art psychology

Question 54

The first quantitative law in psychology was:

A)the law of gravity
B)Weber's law
C)Broca's law
D)Hitzig's law

Question 55

The work of such researchers as Broca,Fritsch,Hitzig,and Ferrier did not support phrenology because:

A)it showed that there was not cortical localization
B)the localized cortical functions that it isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were
C)the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists
D)the localized cortical functions that it isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists

Question 56

Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:

A)negative sensations
B)just noticeable differences
C)petites perceptions
D)impossible

Question 57

Following Spinoza,Fechner believed that:

A)only matter existed
B)only consciousness existed
C)consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter
D)both bodily and mental events existed but they were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact

Question 58

What is Broca best known for?

A)studying the brains of lower animals to learn about human brains
B)equating cortical size with intelligence
C)observing a behavioral disorder and then discovering the brain area responsible for that disorder
D)suggesting the cortex functioned as a whole

Question 59

Using the method of ____,pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject.One stimulus remains the same,the standard,and the other varies from one presentation to the next.

A)limits
B)constant stimuli
C)adjustments
D)stimulus fixation

Question 60

Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that:

A)the brain is smaller in mature adults.
B)the brain is larger in eminent men and superior races
C)the brain is larger in women
D)there is no relationship between the development of intelligence and the volume of the brain

Question 61

Describe the findings of the early electrical stimulation research of Fritsch,Hitzig,and Ferrier,and the implications.

Question 62

Broca and Wernicke assessed areas involved in language function.

Question 63

Helmholtz thought that past experience is what converts sensation into perception.

Question 64

Hering's theory of color vision proposed receptors that would respond in two ways.

Question 65

Fechner stated that for subjective sensation to change arithmetically the magnitude of the physical stimulus must change geometrically.

Question 66

Bell's research indicated a separation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system.

Question 67

Flourens concluded that the cortical hemispheres do not have localized functions.

Question 68

Müller proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies.

Question 69

Weber's work indicated that the JND is a variable measure based on many factors.

Question 70

Helmholtz proposed three types of color receptors corresponding to the three additive primary colors as his theory of color vision.

Question 71

The most significant implication of the doctrine of specific energies was that the nature of the physical stimulus determines the sensation.

Question 72

Müller and Helmholtz agreed on the concept of vitalism.

Question 73

Discuss Müller's doctrine of specific nerve energies and its implications.

Question 74

Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision is based on evolutionary theory.

Question 75

Weber was interested in the sense of touch and muscle sense called kinesthesis.

Question 76

Describe and discuss phrenology,its claims,and why it gained popularity.

Question 77

Compare and contrast Helmholtz's theory of color vision and Hering's theory of color vision.

Question 78

Describe the psychophysical methods developed by Fechner.

Question 79

Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception only involved vibrations in the middle ear.

Question 80

The examination of the skull to determine the magnitude of a person's faculties in the brain was called faculty psychology.