Deck 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Question 1

Excess absorbed glucose is initially converted to triacylglycerides and very low density lipoprotein by

A)Adipose cells
B)Liver cells
C)Intestinal mucosa cells
D)Muscle cells
E)Lymphoid cells

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following does not characterize the postabsorptive state?

A)There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state
B)Gluconeogenesis occurs
C)Glucose-sparing reactions occur
D)Insulin secretion is reduced
E)Glucagon secretion is increased

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Chylomicron triacylglycerols are

A)Readily absorbed by all cells, especially adipose cells
B)Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells
C)Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme in the capillaries
D)Readily absorbed by all cells, especially adipose cells and converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells
E)Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells and converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme in the capillaries

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Insulin

A)Increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells
B)Increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by most nerve cells
C)Decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells
D)Both increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells and increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by most nerve cells are correct
E)Both increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells and decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells are correct

Question 5

During the absorptive state of metabolism,amino acids

A)Are used for protein synthesis in most body cells
B)Are used for protein synthesis in the liver
C)May be converted to fat or glucose in the liver
D)Both are used for protein synthesis in most body cells and are used for protein synthesis in the liver are correct
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

After absorbing nutrients in the intestines,blood then travels to

A)The liver which metabolizes many of the absorbed nutrients
B)The right atrium via the vena cava
C)The abdominal aorta for distribution to the tissues
D)The spleen so any ingested microbes can be destroyed

Question 7

During the postabsorptive period,

A)Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood
B)Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood
C)Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis
D)Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood occur
E)Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis occur

Question 8

Absorbed glucose is

A)Stored as fat in skeletal muscle
B)Stored as glycogen in adipose tissue
C)Converted to fat in the liver
D)Utilized by most cells for energy
E)Converted to fat in the liver and utilized by most cells for energy

Question 9

With regard to fat metabolism,insulin increases

A)The activity of lipoprotein lipase
B)The activity of intracellular lipase
C)Triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells
D)Both the activity of lipoprotein lipase and triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells
E)Both the activity of intracellular lipase and triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells

Question 10

Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose?

A)Liver
B)Brain
C)Adipose tissue
D)Skeletal muscle
E)Cardiac muscle

Question 11

The major metabolic effects of glucagon include

A)Promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
B)Promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue
C)Promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle
D)Promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

The enzyme that converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids is

A)Pancreatic lipase
B)Pancreatic amylase
C)Lipoprotein lipase
D)Pepsin
E)Hexokinase

Question 13

Glucagon secretion is stimulated by

A)Hypoglycemia
B)Hyperglycemia
C)High plasma concentration of epinephrine
D)Hypoglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine
E)Hyperglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine

Question 14

During the absorptive state of metabolism,

A)Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood
B)Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy
C)Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue capillaries
D)Both liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy occur
E)Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy and lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue capillaries occur

Question 15

During the absorptive state of metabolism,the primary energy source for most of the body's cells is ________,except for ________,which use ________ for energy.

A)Amino acids; brain cells; glucose
B)Fatty acids; brain cells; glucose
C)Glucose; liver cells; amino acids
D)Glucose; liver cells; ketones
E)Fatty acids; skeletal muscle cells; glucose

Question 16

Excess dietary amino acids in a nongrowing person are

A)Converted to protein for storage
B)Converted to fat for energy or storage
C)Excreted without being absorbed
D)Converted to protein for storage and converted to fat for energy or storage
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The major metabolic effects of glucagon include

A)Inhibiting glucose uptake by muscle cells
B)Promoting breakdown of proteins in skeletal muscle to yield amino acids
C)Promoting glycogenolysis and lipolysis
D)All of the choices are correct
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 18

As a result of binding to its receptor in skeletal muscle plasma membranes,insulin

A)Stimulates glycogen synthase
B)Stimulates glycogen phosphorylase
C)Inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism
D)Both stimulates glycogen synthase and inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism are correct
E)Both stimulates glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism are correct

Question 19

Which of the following is not a fate of absorbed glucose?

A)It is converted to glycogen by liver cells
B)It is converted to fatty acids and glycerol phosphate by adipose cells
C)It is converted to glycogen by muscle cells
D)It is converted to amino acids by liver cells
E)It is converted to fatty acids and glycerol phosphate by liver cells

Question 20

When plasma glucose concentration increases,the secretion of insulin is ________ and the secretion of glucagon is ________.However,an increase in sympathetic activity will cause ________ secretion of insulin and ________ secretion of glucagon.

A)Decreased; increased; increased; decreased
B)Increased; decreased; decreased; increased
C)Increased; decreased; increased; decreased
D)Increased; increased; decreased; increased
E)Decreased; decreased; increased; unchanged

Question 21

Which event occurs during exercise but not during fasting?

A)Increased breakdown of triacylglycerols
B)Increased glycogenolysis
C)Increased glucose uptake by muscle
D)Increased fatty acid oxidation
E)Increased cortisol secretion

Question 22

Cholesterol is a

A)Precursor of steroid hormones
B)Component of plasma membranes
C)Precursor of bile pigments
D)Both precursor of steroid hormones and component of plasma membranes are correct
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

In subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,

A)Pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal
B)Insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors
C)Increased exercise and caloric restriction generally improve their condition
D)Both pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal and insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors are correct
E)Both insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors and increased exercise and caloric restriction generally improve their condition are correct

Question 24

Which of the following leads to increase in the ratio of LDL:HDL?

A)Estrogens
B)Smoking
C)Exercise
D)Estrogens and smoking
E)Estrogens and exercise

Question 25

Which of the following is not a symptom that is associated with untreated IDDM?

A)Hypoglycemia
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Dehydration
D)Glucosuria (glucose in urine)
E)Elevated glucagon secretion

Question 26

Which of the following is most descriptive of a state of prolonged fasting?

A)Insulin secretion would be low while the secretion of glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would be elevated
B)Brain metabolism will shift to reduce utilization of glucose and to increase oxidation of ketones
C)Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis
D)Both insulin secretion would be low while the secretion of glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would be elevated and brain metabolism will shift to reduce utilization of glucose and to increase oxidation of ketones are correct
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following acts to decrease blood glucose levels?

A)Glucagon
B)Insulin
C)Growth hormone
D)Epinephrine
E)Cortisol

Question 28

In Addison's disease,the adrenal cortices degenerate.What will be the metabolic consequences to patients with this disease if they engage in strenuous physical activity or are required to fast?

A)Hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired
B)Skeletal muscle glycogenolysis will be impaired
C)Lipolysis will be unaffected
D)Both hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired and skeletal muscle glycogenolysis will be impaired are correct
E)Both hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired and lipolysis will be unaffected are correct

Question 29

During fasting,ketones produced by the liver

A)Are a waste product of amino acid metabolism
B)Can be used by the brain as an energy source
C)Are a by-product of anaerobic metabolism
D)Are converted to fatty acids and released into the blood
E)Are used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis

Question 30

Cortisol

A)Is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
B)Is permissive for insulin actions
C)In high amounts increases gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake
D)Both is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and is permissive for insulin actions are correct
E)Both is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and in high amounts increases gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake are correct

Question 31

During exercise,

A)Blood glucose levels fall dramatically
B)Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells
C)Decreased blood glucose and increased epinephrine stimulate insulin secretion
D)Epinephrine stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits skeletal muscle uptake of glucose
E)Skeletal muscles increase their rate of utilization of fatty acids

Question 32

Catabolic hormones or conditions include the following:

A)Elevated plasma cortisol concentration
B)Hypothyroidism
C)Elevated plasma androgen concentrations
D)Elevated plasma cortisol concentration and hypothyroidism
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Cholesterol or its derivatives are directly involved in each of the following except

A)Reproductive functions
B)Generation of energy
C)Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D)Regulation of metabolism
E)Plasma membrane functions

Question 34

Compared to a normal person,a person with untreated type I diabetes mellitus would have

A)Decreased glycogen stores in muscles
B)Increased appetite
C)Decreased blood pH
D)Decreased glycogen stores in muscles and decreased blood pH
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

Gluconeogenesis

A)Refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle
B)Converts glucose to glycogen in the liver
C)Is stimulated by cortisol
D)Both refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle and converts glucose to glycogen in the liver are correct
E)Both refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle and is stimulated by cortisol are correct

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding plasma cholesterol concentration and the development of atherosclerosis is correct?

A)It is preferable to have a high LDL:HDL ratio because LDL operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine
B)It is preferable to have a low LDL:HDL ratio because HDL operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine
C)It is preferable to have equal concentrations of LDL and HDL
D)Neither LDL nor HDL are involved in cholesterol regulation
E)Plasma cholesterol concentration has no relationship to atherosclerosis

Question 37

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of

A)Epinephrine
B)Insulin
C)Glucocorticoids
D)Epinephrine and insulin
E)Insulin and glucocorticoids

Question 38

Symptoms of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus include

A)Hyperglycemia
B)Reduced blood volume
C)Depressed respiration
D)Hyperglycemia and reduced blood volume
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Untreated insulin-dependent diabetic subjects will die because of

A)Intoxication due to the alcohol-like properties of ketones in their blood
B)Dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow
C)Acidosis due to excessive levels of plasma ketones
D)Intoxication due to the alcohol-like properties of ketones in their blood and dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow
E)Dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow and acidosis due to excessive levels of plasma ketones

Question 40

The anabolic effects of insulin are accomplished by

A)Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes
B)Increasing amino acid uptake by cells
C)Stimulating the secretion of IGF-I by liver cells
D)Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes and increasing amino acid uptake by cells
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 41

What factors affect the brain's control of food intake in a normal person?

A)Increased plasma insulin inhibits food intake
B)The hormone leptin decreases appetite
C)Increased body temperature decreases food intake
D)Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates appetite
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

Most of the triacylglycerols absorbed as chylomicrons are ultimately stored as fat in the adipose tissue.

Question 43

Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL.

Question 44

Acclimatization to heat includes

A)Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature
B)Secretion of more concentrated sweat than before acclimatization
C)Increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
D)Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature and secretion of more concentrated sweat than before acclimatization
E)Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature and increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Question 45

A person's lowest metabolic rate

A)Occurs during sleep
B)Is referred to as the basal metabolic rate
C)Occurs during exercise
D)Occurs after a meal
E)Both occurs during sleep and is referred to as the basal metabolic rate are correct

Question 46

Both IDDM and NIDDM subjects will experience increased appetite because

A)The brain needs insulin and functional insulin receptors to utilize glucose
B)High levels of glucose in plasma stimulate appetite
C)Specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose
D)Of all of these things
E)Of none of these things

Question 47

The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the

A)Medullary cardiovascular center
B)Cerebral cortex
C)Thyroid gland
D)Hypothalamus
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 48

Most of the energy used by the body during fasting is provided by gluconeogenesis.

Question 49

A person who is hypothyroid would be expected to

A)Have a higher than normal basal metabolic rate
B)Have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures
C)Be mentally and physically sluggish
D)Both have a higher than normal basal metabolic rate and have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures are correct
E)Both have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures and be mentally and physically sluggish are correct

Question 50

During the absorptive state,there is net synthesis of fat,glycogen,and protein,but this process is reversed during the postabsorptive state.

Question 51

The factor that increases metabolic rate to the greatest extent is increased

A)Skeletal muscle activity
B)Mental activity
C)Dietary caloric intake
D)Environmental temperature
E)Blood glucose levels

Question 52

The source of the triacylglycerol used for synthesis of very low density lipoproteins in the liver is absorbed fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 53

In the body,

A)Most of the energy released during metabolism is used for doing work
B)The energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP
C)Heat energy can be used for doing work
D)Both most of the energy released during metabolism is used for doing work and the energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP are correct
E)Both the energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP and heat energy can be used for doing work are correct

Question 54

The thermoneutral zone is

A)That area of the body that is midway between body core temperature and environmental temperature
B)The temperature of the body core
C)The environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production
D)That area of the body that is midway between body core temperature and environmental temperature and the environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production
E)The temperature of the body core and the environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production

Question 55

The major means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environment is

A)Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin
B)Wearing warm clothing
C)Shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity
D)Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin
E)Increasing food intake to elevate the metabolic rate

Question 56

Endogenous pyrogen

A)Is released by infection-fighting leukocytes
B)Acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus
C)Has actions that are enhanced by aspirin
D)Both is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus are correct
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

Most of the glucose stored after a high-carbohydrate meal is stored in the form of glycogen.

Question 58

If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism,

A)A person will gain weight
B)A person will lose weight
C)A person will stay the same weight because the excess energy is destroyed
D)One cannot predict what will happen because only the calories associated with the consumption of fat affect whether one gains or loses weight

Question 59

Which of the following contribute the most to differences in the basal metabolic rate among individuals?

A)Sex, weight, age, and muscular activity
B)Age, height, and recent ingestion of food
C)Environmental temperature, body surface area, and emotional state
D)Sex, age, body surface area, and circulating levels of thyroid hormone
E)Environmental temperature, muscular activity, and emotional state

Question 60

During the absorptive state,the body makes use of stored nutrients for energy.

Question 61

The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Question 62

Metabolic acidosis caused by excessive blood levels of ketones is one of the most serious consequences of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 63

All other things being equal,a person who is hypothyroid will have a higher BMR than a person whose thyroid function is normal.

Question 64

The effects of insulin in any given cell on membrane transport and on enzyme activity are mediated by the same receptor.

Question 65

Pituitary growth hormone has effects on protein metabolism similar to those of insulin,but its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar to those of elevated cortisol.

Question 66

The most important of the glucose-counterregulatory controls in normal circumstances is epinephrine.

Question 67

During stress,elevated levels of plasma cortisol stimulate the catabolism of muscle protein and the conversion of alpha-keto acids to glucose in the liver.

Question 68

Insulin is a satiety signal that suppresses appetite,whereas glucagon stimulates appetite.

Question 69

Insulin inhibits the enzymes in the liver that catalyze reactions leading to gluconeogenesis.

Question 70

Cholesterol is metabolized to bile salts in the liver.

Question 71

The metabolic events characteristic of the absorptive state can be attributed to the presence of large amounts of insulin in the blood,whereas the events of the postabsorptive state can be attributed largely to decreased insulin levels.

Question 72

The primary fuel source for most cells in untreated insulin-dependent diabetes is alpha-keto acids.

Question 73

The calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones refers to their effect in increasing the rate at which the body synthesizes protein and fat.

Question 74

The major energy sources for non-nervous tissue during the postabsorptive period are fatty acids and ketones.

Question 75

When total-body energy balance is positive in an adult,energy is being stored as fat.

Question 76

Insulin has no effect on the carrier-mediated transport of glucose in the liver; therefore,insulin does not stimulate the uptake of glucose by that organ.

Question 77

One serious consequence of insulin lack is the decreased ability of the brain to take up glucose efficiently,a condition that can lead to brain dysfunction and death.

Question 78

During exercise,glucose uptake by muscle cells is increased because of increased insulin secretion.

Question 79

Plasma cholesterol concentration is not homeostatically regulated,but instead depends solely on the intake of cholesterol in the diet.

Question 80

The excretion of glucose in the urine of a diabetic patient is a result of the inability of the kidney tubules to reabsorb glucose in the absence of insulin.