Deck 4: Social Perception and Managing Diversity

Question 1

Apologies-saying "I'm sorry"-are perceived the same in all societies.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A cognitive category represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

One's needs and goals often dictate which stimuli are salient.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Long-term memory consists of three compartments, one each for schemata, cognitive categories, and simplifications.

Question 5

While perception is a part of the integrative framework for understanding and applying OB, it is a relatively unimportant process.

Question 6

A recent study reported in The Wall Street Journal suggested that men with shaved heads are perceived to have greater leadership potential than those with longer or thinning hair.

Question 7

The first stage of the perception process is encoding and simplification.

Question 8

Something is salient when it stands out from its context.

Question 9

In the final stage of the perception process, we turn mental representations into real-world judgments and decisions.

Question 10

Japanese people see apologies as an admission of wrongdoing.

Question 11

The negativity bias tends to make us notice bad things more than good things.

Question 12

In the second stage of perception, we become consciously aware of something or someone.

Question 13

Long-term memory is like an apartment complex consisting of separate units connected to common areas.

Question 14

Perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

Question 15

Research shows that people tend to find positive information more salient than negative information.

Question 16

Knowing about social perception can help managers avoid mistakes.

Question 17

A female pitcher in a Major League Baseball game would be salient.

Question 18

Encoding information into schemata allows us to simplify input into our senses.

Question 19

The stages of perception, in order, are selective attention/comprehension, encoding and simplification, storage and retention, and retrieval and response.

Question 20

The second stage of perception involves translating raw information into mental representations.

Question 21

Justine, a manager, has decided that Halim is performing poorly because he is lazy. This is an example of a negativity bias.

Question 22

When people make judgments and decisions, they retrieve information from memory.

Question 23

The use of implicit cognition leads people to make biased decisions.

Question 24

In distinctiveness, I compare an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers.

Question 25

To make effective hiring decisions, managers should learn to use their implicit cognitions.

Question 26

An internal attribution would result when a manager sees a subordinate with low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency.

Question 27

Managers cannot be trained to reduce implicit cognition; the best that they can do is to merely recognize its importance.

Question 28

Causal attributions are the suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

Question 29

Joe, a marketing major, believes that Mary is probably better at math than he is because she is a finance major. This is an example of a stereotype.

Question 30

Implicit cognition represents our events, semantic, and person memories.

Question 31

When people make attributions, they observe the dimensions of behavior, which are effort, ability, and task difficulty.

Question 32

Managers should communicate the behavioral characteristics and results they are looking for in good performance to subordinates at the end of a performance cycle.

Question 33

Stereotypes are used by a perceiver during the retrieval and response stage of the perceptual process.

Question 34

People's stereotypes cannot be influenced by managerial action.

Question 35

To reduce the effects of implicit cognition, managers should use structured interviews.

Question 36

Subordinates have schemata about good and poor leaders.

Question 37

High consistency means that an individual has performed a task the same way as he or she has performed other tasks.

Question 38

A person's level of effort is an internal factor in attributions.

Question 39

Stereotypes exist about gender, race, and age, but not about occupation.

Question 40

Kelley identified three dimensions of behavior that people observe when making attributions: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Question 41

The outer layer of the diversity wheel is that of organizational dimensions.

Question 42

Affirmative action can refer to both voluntary and mandatory programs.

Question 43

Surface-level characteristics are those that are quickly apparent to other people.

Question 44

Of the options for action to address diversity issues, fostering mutual adaptation is a preferred approach.

Question 45

Affirmative action plans have been found to negatively affect the women and minorities expected to benefit from them.

Question 46

The access-and-legitimacy perspective on diversity is based on the recognition that the organization's employee population is culturally diverse.

Question 47

Hispanics (or Latinas/os) have a smaller relative hold on managerial and professional jobs within their racial category than do Asians, blacks, and whites, for both women and men.

Question 48

Demographics are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities over time.

Question 49

The negativity bias reflects the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics as opposed to situational factors.

Question 50

Among the options for action to address diversity issues that are not preferred are toleration and inclusion.

Question 51

Perception is a(n) _______ process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

A) Synthetic
B) Cognitive
C) Attribution
D) Attitudinal
E) Planned

Question 52

Inaccurate stereotypes are one of the most common barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.

Question 53

A positive diversity climate enhances employees' psychological safety.

Question 54

Whites will continue to constitute the majority among U.S. racial groups through 2050.

Question 55

America's population is getting older, and the workforce includes greater generational differences than ever before.

Question 56

Gender diversity on boards of directors does not impact firm performance.

Question 57

External influences are individual differences that we have the ability to influence.

Question 58

Characteristics such as our age, gender, and race are at the center of the diversity wheel.

Question 59

The process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings is called:

A) Selection
B) Suppression
C) Stereotyping
D) Perception
E) Cognition

Question 60

The term "invisible wall" is used to describe an unseeable but real roadblock to women's advancement in organizations.

Question 61

You are trying to concentrate during an examination but you get distracted by the sound of another student tapping her pencil on her desk. Which of the following stages of the information processing model are you in?

A) Selective attention/comprehension
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Storage and retention
D) Retrieval and response
E) Recognition

Question 62

Sharon observes her co-worker, Robert, being rude to a newcomer. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new people. She decides that Robert is being a bully and asks him to stop. Which of the following stages of information processing has Sharon just undergone?

A) Selective attention/comprehension
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Storage and retention
D) Retrieval and response
E) Implicit cognition

Question 63

The first step of the social perception process is:

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Selective attention and comprehension
D) Attribution and inference
E) Retrieval and response

Question 64

Which of the following stimuli would be most salient?

A) A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class.
B) A 250-pound man at a meeting of the National Football League Players' Association.
C) A Mobil gas station sign when you have a full tank of gas.
D) A McDonald's restaurant sign right after you've eaten breakfast.
E) An 85-pound girl at a gymnastic class.

Question 65

In the ________ stage of social perception, individuals call upon memory.

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Action and decision-making
D) Selective attention and comprehension
E) Retrieval and response

Question 66

Kelly found that she was the only woman in her advanced statistics course, which had 30 students. Which of the following best describes Kelly's situation?

A) Her classmates will likely ignore her.
B) She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention.
C) Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "event" compartment of long-term memory.
D) Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "semantic" compartment of long-term memory.
E) Her instructor will likely commit the recency perceptual error when calculating Kelly's grade.

Question 67

Which of the following is not one of the stages of social perception?

A) Storage and retention
B) Interpretation and categorization
C) Action and decision making
D) Attention and comprehension
E) Memory

Question 68

When something is _______, it stands out from its context.

A) Salient
B) A schema
C) Stereotypical
D) Semantic
E) An attribution

Question 69

The last step of the social perception process is:

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Selective attention and comprehension
D) Attribution and inference
E) Retrieval and response

Question 70

Which of the following is not a technique for managers to reduce the effect of implicit cognitions in hiring?

A) Use structured interviews
B) Use multiple interviewers
C) Use virtual interviews
D) Undergo training to reduce bias
E) Rely on stereotypes

Question 71

People tend to find _______ information more salient than _______. This leads to ______ bias.

A) Negative; positive; attribution
B) Positive; negative; attribution
C) Negative; positive; negativity
D) Positive; negative; self-serving
E) Simple; complex; attribution

Question 72

The use of implicit cognitions:

A) Leads people to make biased decisions
B) Causes individuals to form stereotypes
C) Influences managers to hire good candidates
D) Fosters cultural change
E) Is consistent with affirmative action programs

Question 73

________ is the process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone.

A) Selection
B) Attention
C) Interpretation
D) Cognition
E) Retention

Question 74

Thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness are called:

A) Attributions
B) Implicit cognitions
C) Semantic memories
D) Schemata
E) Salient stimuli

Question 75

In the ________ stage of social perception, we translate raw information into mental representations.

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Action and decision-making
D) Selective attention and comprehension
E) Memory

Question 76

In the ________ stage of social perception, people choose to perceive subsets of environmental stimuli.

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Action and decision-making
D) Selective attention and comprehension
E) Retrieval and response

Question 77

A _________ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.

A) Codification
B) Bias
C) Memory unit
D) Stereotype
E) Schema

Question 78

The categories of memory that social perception involves are:

A) Event, semantic, and person
B) Attentive, encoded, and retrievable
C) Internal and external
D) Implicit and explicit
E) Consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

Question 79

Bill provides directions to his house to Mark. Mark listens carefully to make sure that he does not forget the directions and does not get lost on the way. Which stage of the information processing model is Mark currently undergoing?

A) Selective attention/comprehension
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Storage and retention
D) Retrieval and response
E) Implicit cognition

Question 80

In the ________ stage of the social perception process, we utilize separate compartments for events, semantic materials, and people.

A) Storage and retention
B) Encoding and simplification
C) Action and decision-making
D) Selective attention and comprehension
E) Retrieval and response