Deck 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Esteban fell down and scraped a knee on the sidewalk.He said,"The mean sidewalk made me fall by tripping me." Esteban's statement indicates a(n)_____ thought.

A)egocentric
B)symbolic
C)intuitive
D)animistic

Answer 1

D

Question 2

While talking with Grandma on the phone,Benicio suddenly exclaimed,"Oh,look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asked him to describe the bird,Benicio said,"Out there,out there! Right there,Grandma!" Benicio's behavior is an example of

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)social referencing.
D)reverse socialization.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The symbolic function substage of preoperational thought occurs roughly between the ages of

A)9 months and two years.
B)9 months and two years.
C)five and six years.
D)six and seven years.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Piaget's preoperational stage?

A)The intuitive thought substage is the first substage of the preoperational stage.
B)During this stage,a child's cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.
C)It is the first stage of development according to Piaget.
D)Children can perform reversible mental actions that allow them to do mentally what before they could do only physically.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action?

A)Egocentrism
B)Relative referencing
C)Animism
D)Self-concordance

Question 6

_____ thought is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior.

A)Operational
B)Proximodal
C)Preoperational
D)Self-conscious

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the symbolic function substage of Piaget's preoperational stage?

A)During this stage,children have the ability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.
B)This substage occurrs roughly between the ages of five and six years.
C)This is the second substage of Piaget's peroperational stage.
D)During this stage,children believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

Question 8

The _____ substageis the first substage of Piaget's preoperational stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)social referencing
C)symbolic function
D)intuitive thought

Question 9

During the intuitive thought substage of preoperational thought children begin to use _____ and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

A)animism
B)primitive reasoning
C)egocentrism
D)symbolic thought

Question 10

With reference to Piaget's preoperational stage,mentally adding and subtracting numbers is an example of

A)operations.
B)egocentrism.
C)animism.
D)intuition.

Question 11

Which of the following indicates that the child is in the symbolic function substage?

A)The child uses a scribbled design to represent her family.
B)The child cries when hungry and smiles when happy.
C)The child can mentally add or subtract numbers.
D)The child wants to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

Question 12

Three-year-old Ke,on hearing thunder,said,"The clouds are talking loudly outside." Ke's behavior illustrates the concept of

A)centration.
B)animism.
C)egocentrism.
D)object permanence.

Question 13

Four-year-old Marta drew a picture with pretty lavender,purple,and blue colors intermixed with green,yellow,and brown."It's a boat on the ocean at sunset,with whales jumping all around it!" she explained to her teacher.Marta is showing clear evidence of being in the _____ substage of Piaget's preoperational stage.

A)social referencing
B)self-consciousness
C)intuitive thought
D)symbolic function

Question 14

Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder's three-mountain task was designed to test whether children

A)believe that nonliving objects are in fact alive.
B)focus on just one property when they reason about objects.
C)are able to see things from someone else's perspective.
D)recognize that the amount of something does not change when its shape changes.

Question 15

Which of the following is the second substage of Piaget's preoperational stage of development?

A)The intuitive thought substage
B)The reverse socialization substage
C)The self-awareness substage
D)The symbolic function substage

Question 16

"My computer doesn't like me-it keeps eating my pictures," said Vanessa.This statement is an example of

A)animism.
B)centration.
C)self-concordance.
D)egocentrism.

Question 17

Jean Piaget claimed that during the preoperational stage children cannot

A)use mental operations in their thought.
B)represent the world with drawings.
C)form stable concepts.
D)indulge in magical beliefs.

Question 18

Andrea cannot tell the difference between her own perspective and someone else's.Andrea is experiencing

A)animism.
B)operational referencing.
C)egocentrism.
D)reverse socialization.

Question 19

Jean Piaget's preoperational period extends from _____ years of age.

A)birth to two
B)two to seven
C)four to ten
D)seven to eleven

Question 20

The intuitive thought substage of preoperational thought occurs between approximately _____ years of age.

A)one and two
B)three and four
C)two and three
D)four and seven

Question 21

In one of the tasks devised by Piaget,a child is shown two identical beakers filled to the same level with liquid.Next,the liquid from one beaker is poured into a third beaker,which is taller and thinner than the first two.Then,the child is asked if the amount of liquid in the tall,thin beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers.The child's awareness of which of the followings concepts is tested by this task?

A)Conservation
B)Centration
C)Animism
D)Egocentrism

Question 22

Centration leads a child to

A)focus on only one feature of an object.
B)believe in lifelike qualities of inanimate objects.
C)see things from the viewpoint of another person.
D)see multiple characteristics of an object at one time.

Question 23

Which of the following terms refers to the concept that an object's or a substance's basic properties stay the same even though its appearance has been altered?

A)Conservation
B)Animism
C)Egocentrism
D)Object permanance

Question 24

As a child moves through a zone of proximal development (ZPD),the teacher's role is to

A)give detailed instructions and direct the child's behavior throughout the development process.
B)provide instruction as the child learns a task,but gradually let the child become more independent.
C)allow the child to choose his or her own activities and to move freely between them with no direction from the teacher.
D)encourage students to engage in private speech.

Question 25

Centration refers to the

A)belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
B)inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.
C)ability to complete reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically.
D)focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Question 26

Which of the following terms,introduced by Vygotsky,refers to the child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing and can be accomplished only with the assistance of a more-skilled person?

A)Zone of possible agreement
B)Range of cognitive evolution
C)Range of task alternatives
D)Zone of proximal development

Question 27

Jason,who is four years old,spends a lot of time talking to himself while he is processing information.According to Lev Vygotsky,

A)Jason should be encouraged not to talk to himself.
B)Jason will likely be more socially competent than if he did not use private speech.
C)Jason' private speech is an indication of his mental retardation.
D)Jason's private speech is an indication of his egocentrism and immaturity.

Question 28

The concept that an object's or a substance's basic properties stay the same even though its appearance has been altered is known as

A)animism.
B)scaffolding.
C)conservation.
D)operation.

Question 29

A child is shown two identical balls of clay.One of the balls is then rolled out into a string and the child is asked which has more clay,the ball or the string.This process is a test of

A)conservation.
B)animism.
C)self-consciousness.
D)egocentrism.

Question 30

Howie and his little sister Faye are each given one large cookie.Their mother breaks Faye's cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily.Howie immediately begins to cry,saying that it isn't fair for Faye to get so many cookies when he has only one.Howie is showing

A)lack of centration.
B)lack of conservation.
C)egocentrism.
D)animism.

Question 31

Scaffolding means

A)continuing to support someone permanently.
B)helping others by doing things for them.
C)changing the level of support depending on the need.
D)assisting children to work outside their zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Question 32

The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of others is called

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)centration.
D)object permanence.

Question 33

Latoya talks to herself frequently,especially when trying to solve a difficult problem.Lev Vygotsky would say that Latoya is

A)engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
B)functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
C)using the institutional level of thinking to learn about her environment.
D)using private speech in order to plan,guide,and monitor her own behavior.

Question 34

When adults are working with young children,they often provide a lot of hints,assistance,instruction,and other support to help the children succeed.Then,as the children demonstrate that they can do more for themselves,the adults begin to withdraw their hints,assistance,and instruction.This shows that the adults are often aware of children's

A)zone of proximal development.
B)ability of engaging in private speech.
C)level of metacognition.
D)range of cognitive evaluation.

Question 35

Four-year-old Doug is driving his parents crazy with all his questions.He asks why everything is the way it is,then why things aren't some other way.His parents might be comforted to know that such questioning is characteristic of the

A)intuitive thought substage.
B)zone of proximal development.
C)symbolic function substage.
D)operational stage.

Question 36

The zone of proximal development (ZPD)is a measure of

A)cognitive ability.
B)the range of tasks that can be learned with the assistance of adults.
C)interpersonal skills.
D)social-relationship-building skills and abilities.

Question 37

Young children use language to plan,guide,and monitor their behavior.This use of language for self-regulation is called _____ speech.

A)inner
B)private
C)inherent
D)cognitive

Question 38

In regard to cognitive development,which of the following terms was used by Vygotsky to describe the changing level of support over the course of a teaching session,with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child's current performance level?

A)Self-concordance
B)Operant conditioning
C)Scaffolding
D)Reverse socializing

Question 39

During the _____ substage of preoperational thought,children seem very sure about their knowledge but do not know how they know what they know.

A)sensorimotor
B)symbolic function
C)intuitive thought
D)concrete operational

Question 40

Researchers have found that children who use private speech are

A)less alert and aware of their surroundings.
B)more attentive and are more likely to improve their performance.
C)socially maladjusted.
D)at the upper end of the zone of proximodal development.

Question 41

Which age group is the most suggestible and,therefore,most likely to believe misleading information about an event they have viewed?

A)Preschool
B)School aged
C)Adolescents
D)Adults

Question 42

Research suggests that older children perform better on memory-span tasks than younger children.Which of the following BEST explains this finding?

A)Older children are more susceptibility to suggestion than younger children.
B)Older children rehearse the information more than younger children.
C)Older children have more accurate implicit memory than younger children.
D)Older children can retrieve information from long-term memory faster than younger children.

Question 43

Another term for sustained attention is

A)vigilance.
B)determination.
C)idleness.
D)saliency.

Question 44

_____ is an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

A)Animism
B)Primal development
C)Egocentrism
D)Executive functioning

Question 45

Which of the following statements is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?"

A)It specifically describes age-related changes.
B)It adequately describes how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.
C)It overemphasizes the role of language in thinking.
D)It does not emphasize collaboration and guidance.

Question 46

According to research,the greatest gains in vigilance occur

A)prior to birth.
B)during infancy.
C)during the preschool years.
D)during late childhood.

Question 47

In terms of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development,guidance from a more-skilled individual will

A)be highest in the lower-limit of the zone.
B)be highest at the end of any session.
C)be lower at the end of a session.
D)remain constant throughout a session.

Question 48

Executive functioning involves

A)changing the level of support.
B)focusing of mental resources on select information.
C)managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.
D)focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Question 49

_____ involves action planning,allocating attention to goals,error detection and compensation,monitoring progress on tasks,and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

A)Scaffolding
B)The social constructivist approach
C)Social referencing
D)Executive attention

Question 50

The _____ approach is an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the fact that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.

A)social constructivist
B)academic
C)phonetics
D)social norms

Question 51

Jeremy at age five has the ability to control and sustain his attention.As a result of his vigilance,Jeremy will

A)struggle playing many of today's video games.
B)likely reach higher levels of school achievement.
C)have difficulty making friends at school.
D)likely be diagnosed with ADHD.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a factor presented in your text that can influence the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development?

A)Better emotion regulation
B)Secure attachment
C)Child compliance
D)History of depression

Question 53

Ross is helping his younger sister to write the letters of the alphabet.Ross began by writing the letters first,then helped his sister trace the letters he had written,and finally watched as she wrote them by herself.Ross was engaged in

A)scaffolding.
B)sibling rivalry.
C)abstract instruction.
D)peer assisted instruction.

Question 54

Children use private speech more when

A)the tasks are easy.
B)they have made an error.
C)they know how to complete the task.
D)they are at the upper end of the zone of proximodal development.

Question 55

Preschool children's ability to control and sustain their attention has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)School readiness.
B)School achievement.
C)Problems with peer relationships.
D)Improved language skills.

Question 56

Without rehearsal,our _____ memory can store information for 30 seconds.

A)sensory
B)long-term
C)brief-attention
D)short-term

Question 57

_____ is focused and extended engagement with an object,task,event,or other aspect of the environment.

A)Scaffolding
B)Classical conditioning
C)Sustained attention
D)Executive functioning

Question 58

Mary is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers like "7 ...4 ...9 ...3." As soon as the reader is done reading the list of numbers,she is asked to recite the numbers in the correct order.Mary is having her _____ tested.

A)span of control
B)habituation span
C)long-term memory span
D)short-term memory span

Question 59

Ahmed is five years old and is going to testify in court as an eyewitness.The judge should know that

A)preschool children are least susceptible to suggestion.
B)all preschool children are susceptible to suggestions.
C)interviewing techniques can affect a child's report of what happened.
D)children's account of events is based on intuitive thinking.

Question 60

Four-year-old Alyssa,a preschool child,has been asked to solve a problem.She is likely to focus on the features of the problem that are flashy,or that stand out,rather than those that are most important.Alyssa is focusing on the _____ features of the problem.

A)salient
B)relevant
C)significant
D)regular

Question 61

Theory of mind is a(n)

A)umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
B)concept of cognitive development that describes the changing level of support offered to children.
C)concept that refers to the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
D)approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the fact that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.

Question 62

Recent research suggests that a higher level of metamemory at age five was related to

A)superior genetics.
B)mind competence at age three.
C)extended screen/media time during the preschool years.
D)the number of siblings a child has.

Question 63

It is now accepted that the origin of autism is linked to

A)expectant mothers who drink excessive amounts of alcohol.
B)exposure to smoking while in the womb.
C)illness during infancy.
D)genetic factors.

Question 64

Who was your favorite teacher in elementary school? Answering this questions requires ____ memory.

A)procedural
B)personal
C)autobiographical
D)meaningful

Question 65

An increase in the number of details given when describing an autobiographical memory rises from around 4 descriptive items at age 3 1/2 to around ____ at age 6.

A)5
B)8
C)12
D)16

Question 66

Studies of the _____ view the child as "a thinker who is trying to explain,predict,and understand people's thoughts,feelings,and utterances."

A)theory of sociocultural environment
B)theory of relative development
C)theory of mind
D)theory of cognitivity

Question 67

A recent longitudinal study revealed that the ability to delay gratification at the age of four was linked to

A)increased obesity in adulthood.
B)lower body mass index in adulthood.
C)attentional problems in middle school.
D)poor peer relations during adolescence.

Question 68

The development of the understanding of false beliefs occurs around the age of

A)3.
B)5.
C)7.
D)9.

Question 69

Autism can usually be diagnosed by the age of

A)five years.
B)seven years.
C)three years.
D)nine years

Question 70

Memory of significant events and experiences in one's life is called _____ memory.

A)procedural
B)personal
C)autobiographical
D)meaningful

Question 71

Children with autism struggle with the theory of mind.Which of the following was NOT listed as additional reasons why these children might struggle?

A)Problems with executive function
B)Language impairment
C)Difficulty with face recognition
D)Delays in creativity

Question 72

During an experiment where Lisa can eat a cookie right away or wait until the experimenter returns and get a second cookie,Lisa is singing the alphabet song to herself while she waits.According to your text,Lisa is using _____ thoughts.

A)cool
B)hot
C)educational
D)frozen

Question 73

According to your text,executive function is connected to

A)the theory of mind development.
B)political ambitions in early childhood.
C)the autonomic nervous system.
D)gains in height during middle childhood.

Question 74

Between the ages of _____,children come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately.

A)1 and 2
B)6 and 8
C)9 and 11
D)3 and 5

Question 75

Wally has just begun to understand that people may hold some beliefs that are not true.If Wally is like most other children,he is about _____ years old.

A)two
B)one
C)ten
D)five

Question 76

Children begin to see the mind as an active constructor of knowledge or processing center during

A)infancy.
B)the preschool years.
C)middle and late childhood.
D)adolescence.

Question 77

In a task,children are asked to say the word "night"when they see a picture of a sun,and the word "day" when they see a picture of a moon and stars.This is an example of a(n)_____ task.

A)short-term memory
B)executive function
C)sustained attention
D)social referencing

Question 78

According to your text,sensitive parenting at age 3 resulted in

A)fewer executive function problems at age 4.
B)higher rates of obesity at age 9.
C)increases in BMI by age 8.
D)increases in language delays by age 6.

Question 79

Which of the following is TRUEwith regard to young children's memory?

A)Both short-term and long-term memory decrease in capacity during childhood.
B)Memory span remains constant irrespective of age.
C)Preschoolers' memories are less susceptible to suggestion than that of adults.
D)Young children's eyewitness testimonies can often be influenced by the interviewer.

Question 80

Which of the following do children refer to earlier and more frequently than the others?

A)Desires
B)Thinking
C)Knowing
D)Feelings