Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

_____ refers to global evaluations of the self.

A)Self-control
B)Self-concept
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-awareness

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the elementary years,a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)psychological characteristics.
B)social comparison.
C)social aspects.
D)physical characteristics.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When Robert says,"I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's:

A)self-control.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?

A)In middle and late childhood,children show a decline in perspective taking.
B)In middle and late childhood,children show an improvement in perspective taking.
C)Perspective taking has been linked to both prosocial and antisocial behaviors.
D)Children exhibit cognitive inhibition when engaging in perspective taking.

Question 5

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance.What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

A)They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring.
B)The increased self-esteem produces better school performance.
C)They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions.
D)They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Question 6

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-awareness
D)Self-control

Question 7

Children have the highest self-esteem when:

A)they are competent in all tasks that are given to them.
B)they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
C)they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D)they are encouraged to avoid problems they face rather than cope with them.

Question 8

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:

A)self-concept.
B)self-confidence.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 9

Students with _____ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity."

A)high self-efficacy
B)high self-esteem
C)low self-efficacy
D)low self-esteem

Question 10

Albert Bandura states that _____ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

A)self-efficacy
B)self-confidence
C)self-esteem
D)self-awareness

Question 11

Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says,"I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?

A)Children 6 years of age are likely to reject Trey's self-report.
B)Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
C)Children 5-6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
D)Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

Question 12

_____ is at work in perspective taking.

A)Transitivity
B)Gender typing
C)Executive functioning
D)Seriation

Question 13

Mary thinks that she is a good person.This observation reflects Mary's:

A)self-control.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-esteem.

Question 14

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

A)Self-control
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 15

In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

A)compare themselves with others.
B)refrain from social comparison.
C)use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D)use outer states to describe themselves.

Question 16

_____ is the belief that "I can;" helplessness is the belief that "I cannot."

A)Self-esteem
B)Self-awareness
C)Self-concept
D)Self-efficacy

Question 17

Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks,especially those that are challenging.

A)high self-efficacy
B)diffused self-concept
C)low self-efficacy
D)low self-awareness

Question 18

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

A)very low.
B)moderate.
C)high.
D)very high.

Question 19

Children with high self-esteem typically:

A)become bullies as they grow up.
B)are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
C)tend to be insecurely attached to their parents.
D)have greater initiative,which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

Question 20

In terms of _____ behavior,taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

A)aggressive
B)antisocial
C)atypical
D)prosocial

Question 21

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

A)Social contract or utility and individual rights
B)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)Punishment and obedience orientation
D)Social systems morality

Question 22

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience,even though the decision might involve personal risk.

A)universal ethical principles
B)social systems morality
C)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
D)punishment and obedience orientation

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

A)They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks.
B)They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness.
C)They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
D)They avoid learning tasks,especially those that are challenging.

Question 24

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others,so that others are nice to them.According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,Clarissa is currently in which of the following levels?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Social contract or utility and individual rights
C)Punishment and obedience orientation
D)Social systems morality

Question 25

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:

A)industry versus inferiority.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)integrity versus despair.
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 26

Keith is trying to help his son,Judd,deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless.Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings.A strategy that Keith should NOT implement is to:

A)allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event.
B)encourage his son to talk about his nightmares.
C)allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D)reassure his son that this type of tragedy is rare,and that he is safe.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation?

A)It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
B)It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior.
C)It leads to increased social competence and achievement.
D)It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

Question 28

The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the:

A)brain's hypothalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)brain's prefrontal cortex.
D)amygdala.

Question 29

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus,Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights.According to Kai,the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices.Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)unconventional
D)preconventional

Question 30

At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values,rights,and principles undergird or transcend the law?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)Social systems morality
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 31

A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says,"Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning.

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 32

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do individuals value trust,caring,and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Punishment and obedience orientation
C)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 33

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected.She believes that the current law in her country which prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed.According to Kohlberg,which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Universal

Question 34

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order,law,justice,and duty?

A)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)Social systems morality
C)Universal ethical principles
D)Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 35

According to Kohlberg,which of the following is the first stage of moral development?

A)Social contract or utility and individual rights
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)Heteronomous morality
D)Social systems morality

Question 36

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by:

A)identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children.
B)presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
C)observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict.
D)interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their children.

Question 37

Julio,12,cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

A)stagnation.
B)inferiority.
C)shame and doubt.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 38

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral development is:

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract or utility and individual rights.
D)universal ethical principles.

Question 39

Darren is an active 12-year-old boy.When his friend Simon cheats in a game,he tends to get irritated.However,Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad.Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

A)Low self-esteem
B)Self-regulation
C)High self-esteem
D)Self-efficacy

Question 40

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment.According to Kohlberg,Megan is currently in the ________ reasoning level of moral development,

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)interconventional
D)postconventional

Question 41

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true?

A)Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.
B)Until about seven to eight years of age,gender stereotyping is extensive.
C)Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults.
D)Across the elementary school years,children become more flexible in their gender attitudes.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Most people in Western cultures achieve the highest stages of moral development by adulthood.
B)In some cultures,high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims.
C)Kohlberg's theory does not stress the importance of justice,but instead focuses more on the prevention of suffering of others.
D)Kohlberg's theory captures the essence of moral thinking in all cultures; thus,it is culturally unbiased.

Question 43

According to Carol Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality.

A)egocentrism
B)care
C)benevolence
D)justice

Question 44

Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

A)joy
B)fear
C)anger
D)shame

Question 45

Individuals who _____ have the moral personality,identity,character,and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

A)have a moral character
B)have a moral identity
C)are characterized as moral exemplars
D)are characterized as gender bias

Question 46

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others.
B)Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory.
C)There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
D)There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

Question 47

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during:

A)middle and late infancy.
B)late infancy.
C)middle and late childhood.
D)early adolescence.

Question 48

Moral rules are widely accepted,somewhat impersonal,and:

A)arbitrary.
B)obligatory.
C)only applicable to certain individuals.
D)subject to change by social consensus.

Question 49

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

A)advanced calculus.
B)numeracy skills.
C)visuospatial skills.
D)computation skills.

Question 50

Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:

A)it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships.
B)it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C)Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D)it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 51

According to research,girls exhibit better skills than boys in which of the following areas?

A)Visuospatial skills
B)Verbal skills
C)Physical skills
D)Mathematical skills

Question 52

With regard to morality,Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others.Therefore,she has a(n)_____ orientation.

A)prosocial
B)care
C)justice
D)unconventional

Question 53

More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong.Yet,50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught.Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlberg's theory?

A)As people age,their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others.
B)Social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones.
C)Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D)For many people,moral thought does not predict moral behavior.

Question 54

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

A)sibling interaction
B)peer interaction
C)parental influence
D)teacher influence

Question 55

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory,Gilligan argues for a(n)_____ perspective that is moral and views people in terms of their connectedness with others; and emphasizes interpersonal communication,relationships with others,and concern for others.

A)justice
B)care
C)nonegocentric
D)egocentric

Question 56

Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her favorite toys with her younger brother.According to the developmental progression described by William Damon,Maria's sharing is most likely motivated by a sense of:

A)equality.
B)obligation.
C)moral duty.
D)benevolence.

Question 57

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females,such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender:

A)identities.
B)constancies.
C)stereotypes.
D)roles.

Question 58

It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around _____ years of age.

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 59

Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule?

A)Eating soup with a spoon
B)Raising your hand in class to ask a question
C)Shutting off your cell phone ringer while in church
D)Getting punished for stealing money from another person

Question 60

Fernando doesn't cut in line,raises his hand in class before talking,and stops his car at stop signs on the road.He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.Which of the following BEST describes Fernando's reasoning?

A)Prosocial reasoning
B)Social order reasoning
C)Social consensus reasoning
D)Social conventional reasoning

Question 61

The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is termed as their ________ status.

A)psychometric
B)socioeconomic
C)popularity
D)sociometric

Question 62

An analysis of stepfamilies found that _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

A)50
B)40
C)25
D)20

Question 63

Cassandra is both assertive and nurturant.She could be described as:

A)feminine.
B)masculine.
C)aggressive.
D)androgynous.

Question 64

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

A)Regulating to have complete control over their own lives
B)Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
C)Learning to live with deprivation of privileges
D)Exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

Question 65

The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later.

A)9
B)16
C)12
D)5

Question 66

According to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory,which of the following can be described as a feminine item?

A)Dominant
B)Aggressive
C)Forceful
D)Understanding

Question 67

Which of the following is TRUE of differences in the helping behavior of males and females?

A)Females are helpful irrespective of the situation.
B)Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.
C)Males are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior.
D)Females are more likely to help when the other person involved is a female.

Question 68

All of the following are peer statuses,EXCEPT:

A)rejected.
B)neglected.
C)controversial.
D)conforming.

Question 69

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child.This process is gradual and produces:

A)deregulation.
B)socioregulation.
C)coregulation.
D)bioregulation.

Question 70

Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:

A)better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood.
B)less depression in middle adulthood.
C)better job performance in middle adulthood.
D)better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is TRUE of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?

A)Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers.
B)The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child.
C)Children under 12 years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups.
D)As children move through middle and late childhood,peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

Question 72

Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 73

Across childhood and adolescence,research suggests that:

A)females engage in more prosocial behavior.
B)males engage in more prosocial behavior.
C)girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys.
D)boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

Question 74

According to Pollack,what is the result of the traditional ways of raising boys?

A)A "chauvinistic determinism"
B)A "gender-disparate society"
C)A "national crisis of boyhood"
D)A "gender-based cultural nationalism"

Question 75

According to Sandra Bem,which of the following is correct?

A)Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts.
B)Gender-role classification is context-neutral.
C)In close relationships,androgynous orientations are not desirable.
D)Androgynous individuals are less flexible than their masculine or feminine counterparts.

Question 76

Erica,who has two children,marries Wayne-who has a daughter from his previous marriage.After the union,their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily.

A)complex
B)segregated
C)simple
D)mixed

Question 77

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and,in turn,expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time.Her mother checks on her school progress frequently,and also talks to her about her problems and her social life.This approach is called:

A)boundary ambiguity.
B)latchkey control.
C)unilateral control.
D)coregulation.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is NOT true?

A)The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse.
B)In stepmother families,the father usually has custody of his children.
C)In stepfather families,the mother usually has custody of her children.
D)In blended families,both parents bring children from previous marriages to the newly formed stepfamily.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

A)Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.
B)During middle and late childhood,parental control changes to coregulation with the child.
C)Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.
D)During middle and late childhood,children are allowed to engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Question 80

Which of the following techniques will parents NOT tend to use to discipline elementary school children?

A)Coercive holding
B)Deprivation of privileges
C)Appeals to the child's self-esteem
D)Comments designed to increase the child's sense of guilt