Deck 6: Values, Attitudes, Job Satisfaction, and Counter-Productive Work Behaviors

Question 1

Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior.

Question 2

Attitudes represent global beliefs that influence behavior across all situations.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: While values represent global beliefs that influence behavior across all situations, attitudes relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations.

Question 3

The behavioral component of attitude is defined as the beliefs or ideas that one has about an object or situation.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: The behavioral component refers to how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something. The cognitive component of an attitude reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation.

Question 4

Personal values essentially represent the things that have meaning to us in our lives.

Question 5

People are more likely to change their attitudes in middle adulthood than in early or late adulthood.

Question 6

Intrapersonal value conflict results when personal values conflict with each other.

Question 7

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, behavioral intentions are influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Question 8

Attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.

Question 9

Schwartz believes that values are motivational in that they "represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time."

Question 10

In Schwartz's value theory, adjacent values like self-direction and universalism are negatively related.

Question 11

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, perceived behavior control refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question.

Question 12

According to the value-based model of work/family conflict, value congruence relates to the degree of consensus among family members about family values.

Question 13

According to the value-based model of work/family conflict, value similarity involves the amount of value agreement between employee and employer.

Question 14

Individual differences influence our values, attitudes, job satisfaction, and tendency to exhibit counterproductive workplace behaviors.

Question 15

Individual-organizational value conflict is related to positive outcomes such as satisfaction, commitment, performance, career success, reduced stress, and lower turnover intentions.

Question 16

An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.

Question 17

If you feel annoyed at a driver that changes lanes without signaling, you are expressing negative affect.

Question 18

Values and attitudes are always in harmony.

Question 19

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, attitude toward the behavior refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform a specific behavior.

Question 20

Organizational commitment reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals.

Question 21

Job involvement is the extent to which an individual is immersed in his or her present job.

Question 22

Discrepancy models of job satisfaction propose that satisfaction is a function of how fairly an individual is treated at work.

Question 23

Job satisfaction is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.

Question 24

Met expectations are defined by the extent to which one actually receives what he or she expects to receive from a job.

Question 25

The equity model of job satisfaction proposes that satisfaction results from one's perception that work outcomes, relative to inputs, compare favorably with a significant other's outcomes/inputs.

Question 26

Organizational commitment influences the consequences of employee turnover, performance, absenteeism, and organizational citizenship.

Question 27

Continuance commitment would be high if an individual has no job alternatives.

Question 28

Job satisfaction is not a unitary concept.

Question 29

A psychological contract represents an employee's beliefs about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization.

Question 30

Dispositions typically have stronger relationships with extrinsic aspects of work such as receipt of rewards than with intrinsic aspects of a job such as having autonomy.

Question 31

Line of sight represents the extent to which employees understand how their jobs influence the achievement of broader strategic goals.

Question 32

The equity model of job satisfaction is based on the belief that job satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors.

Question 33

Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals.

Question 34

Affective commitment reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment.

Question 35

Continuance commitment is influenced by psychological contracts.

Question 36

Organizational commitment is composed of three separate but related components: affective commitment, normative commitment, and continuance commitment.

Question 37

Employees whose primary link to the organization is based on normative commitment remain because they need to do so.

Question 38

An employer breach of the psychological contract is associated with higher organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance.

Question 39

PE fit is a contextual characteristic that potentially impacts employee engagement.

Question 40

When employees are free of any fears associated with trying new, innovative ideas or behaviors at work, they are said to have psychological safety.

Question 41

According to Schwartz's Value Theory, _____ refers to the preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact.

A)Achievement
B)Hedonism
C)Benevolence
D)Universalism
E)Security

Question 42

Counterproductive work behaviors are types of behavior that harm employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholder.

Question 43

According to value-based model of work/family conflict, _____ is defined as the degree of consensus among family members about family values.

A)life satisfaction
B)value attainment
C)value congruence
D)work values
E)value similarity

Question 44

According to the value-based model of work/family conflict, _____ involves the amount of value agreement between employee and employer.

A)life satisfaction
B)value attainment
C)value congruence
D)family values
E)value similarity

Question 45

According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ includes pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself?

A)Achievement
B)Benevolence
C)Universalism
D)Hedonism
E)Security

Question 46

_____ conflict is experienced when personal values conflict with each other.

A)Work-family
B)Intrapersonal value
C)Interpersonal value
D)Individual-organization value
E)Attitude-norm

Question 47

Organizational citizenship behaviors consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty and exceed work-role requirements.

Question 48

_____ conflict occurs when two individuals disagree.

A)Attitude-behavior
B)Attitude-norm
C)Individual-organizational value
D)Interpersonal value
E)Intrapersonal value

Question 49

According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.

A)Achievement
B)Benevolence
C)Hedonism
D)Universalism
E)Security

Question 50

According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.

A)Achievement
B)Conformity
C)Hedonism
D)Universalism
E)Security

Question 51

According to value-based model of work/family conflict, family values are the source of _____.

A)life satisfaction
B)value similarity
C)value congruence
D)work values
E)value attainment

Question 52

Replacement costs include severance costs and outplacement fees.

Question 53

Heavier workloads for employees combined with an increase in dual-income families, single working parents, and elder care responsibilities serve to increase _____.

A)work/family integration
B)job involvement
C)job satisfaction
D)work/family conflict
E)organizational commitment

Question 54

Stress is positively related to absenteeism, turnover, coronary heart disease, and viral infections.

Question 55

Replacement costs are the well-known costs of a hire.

Question 56

According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature.

A)Achievement
B)Benevolence
C)Universalism
D)Tradition
E)Security

Question 57

Managers can positively affect a variety of important organizational outcomes, including job performance, by increasing employee job satisfaction.

Question 58

Withdrawal cognitions represent an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting a job.

Question 59

A(n) _____ is defined as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.

A)attitude
B)cognition
C)skill
D)ability
E)value

Question 60

Gender equality within the home, family-supportive employer philosophies, work flexibility, and helpful mentors are ways of decreasing _____.

A)work/family integration
B)job involvement
C)job satisfaction
D)work/family conflict
E)organizational commitment

Question 61

_____ have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.

A)Skills
B)Values
C)Attitudes
D)Abilities
E)Needs

Question 62

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior.

A)intention
B)attitude toward the behavior
C)subjective norm
D)perceived behavioral control
E)predictor

Question 63

_____ relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations.

A)Values
B)Cognitions
C)Skills
D)Intentions
E)Attitudes

Question 64

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, an individual's _____ is the best predictor of behavior.

A)value
B)subjective norm
C)attitude
D)intention
E)ability

Question 65

In which of the following stages of life is a person least likely to change his or her general attitudes?

A)Childhood
B)Adolescence
C)Early adulthood
D)Middle adulthood
E)Early adolescence

Question 66

The _____ component of an attitude reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation.

A)behavioral
B)objective
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 67

Jane hated the idea of child labor. She believed that children should not be employed in any type of job. She worked in a factory that claimed that it did not employ children. However, news reports accused the company of employing young children. The psychological discomfort that Jane experienced when she heard this news is known as:

A)emotional dissonance.
B)emotional labor.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)behavioral intention.
E)affective detachment.

Question 68

The _____ component of an attitude refers to how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something.

A)behavioral
B)intellectual
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 69

You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking in the non-smoking section of a restaurant if you are not irritated by this behavior. Your lack of irritation reflects that the _____ component of your attitude toward people smoking in restaurants is neutral.

A)behavioral
B)intellectual
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 70

You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you believe cell phone use helps people manage their busy lives. Your belief reflects the _____ component of your attitude toward people using cell phones in restaurants.

A)behavioral
B)objective
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 71

The boss of a Preamble Systems announced the employees would be going on a trip to San Francisco. A few employees liked the idea and a few of them disliked the idea. According to the nature of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the _____ component of the employees.

A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)intellectual

Question 72

The _____ component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.

A)behavioral
B)intellectual
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 73

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.

A)intention
B)attitude toward the behavior
C)subjective norm
D)perceived behavioral control
E)predictor

Question 74

_____ reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and works to achieve its goals.

A)Organizational commitment
B)Organizational psychology
C)Onboarding
D)Organizational socialization
E)Organizational justice

Question 75

As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you strongly feel that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?

A)Job detachment
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Emotional labor
D)Emotional dissonance
E)Affective detachment

Question 76

You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking in the non-smoking section of a restaurant if you have no intention of confronting the smoker. Your intention reflects the _____ component of your attitude toward people smoking in restaurants.

A)behavioral
B)intellectual
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)affective

Question 77

The head of Mia Inc., announced that the company was going to start a project on weekends that would teach self-defense techniques to under-privileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decided to register himself for the project as he was a trained kick-boxer. This action of Thomas reflects the _____ component of his attitude.

A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)normative
E)intellectual

Question 78

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question.

A)intention
B)attitude toward the behavior
C)subjective norm
D)perceived behavioral control
E)predictor

Question 79

_____ represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior.

A)emotional dissonance
B)job dissatisfaction
C)cognitive dissonance
D)emotional labor
E)affective detachment

Question 80

_____ refers to the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organization.

A)Normative commitment
B)Affective commitment
C)Continuance commitment
D)Emotional dissonance
E)Cognitive dissonance