Deck 17: Freedoms Boundaries, at Home and Abroad, 1890-1900

Question 1

Address to the Democratic Convention (1896)
William Jennings Bryan
There are two ideas of government. There are those that believe if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. . . .
You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities, leave our farms, and your cities will spring up against as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.
Which of the following most influenced the statements made by Bryan in the excerpt?

A) rapid industrialization and urbanization
B) the consolidation of business into trusts
C) changes brought about by the "New South"
D) the mechanization of agriculture-produced economic instability

Answer 1

the mechanization of agriculture-produced economic instability

Question 2

Declaration of War (1898)
William McKinley
The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been, and it is plain that it cannot be, extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop.
In view of these facts and of these considerations, I ask the Congress to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes.
The United States retreated from the position in world affairs established by McKinley by implementing

A) the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
B) Wilson's intervention in the Mexican Revolution.
C) isolationist policies during the Harding and Coolidge administrations.
D) Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in Latin America.

Answer 2

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in Latin America.

Question 3

The Open Door in China (1899-1900)
John Hay
Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China the undoubted benefits which should accrue from a formal recognition by the various powers claiming "spheres of interest" that they shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such "spheres," the Government of the United States would be pleased to see His German Majesty's Government give formal assurances, and lend its cooperation in securing like assurances from the other interested powers, that each, within its respective sphere of whatever influence . . .
The commercial interests of Great Britain and Japan will be so clearly served by the desired declaration of intentions, and the views of the Governments of these countries as to the desirability of the adoption of measures insuring the benefits of equality of treatment of all foreign trade throughout China are so similar to those entertained by the United States, that their acceptance of the propositions herein outlined and their cooperation in advocating their adoption by the other
powers can be confidently expected.
Which action reflects China's resistance to the intentions expressed in this note?

A) suspension of Chinese emigration to the United States
B) China "opened the door" to trading with all nations that were interested in establishing commercial relations with China.
C) a violent rebellion against outside interests that were exploiting their country
D) the Chinese boycott of American goods

Answer 3

a violent rebellion against outside interests that were exploiting their country

Question 4

The Open Door in China (1899-1900)
John Hay
Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China the undoubted benefits which should accrue from a formal recognition by the various powers claiming "spheres of interest" that they shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such "spheres," the Government of the United States would be pleased to see His German Majesty's Government give formal assurances, and lend its cooperation in securing like assurances from the other interested powers, that each, within its respective sphere of whatever influence . . .
The commercial interests of Great Britain and Japan will be so clearly served by the desired declaration of intentions, and the views of the Governments of these countries as to the desirability of the adoption of measures insuring the benefits of equality of treatment of all foreign trade throughout China are so similar to those entertained by the United States, that their acceptance of the propositions herein outlined and their cooperation in advocating their adoption by the other
powers can be confidently expected.
What action by the United States seemed to contradict the economic motives expressed in the Open Door policy?

A) the annexation of Hawaii
B) the United States' response to the Boxer Rebellion
C) the Roosevelt Corollary
D) the decision to maintain control over the Philippines

Question 5

Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
John Marshall Harlan
. . . I deny that any legislative body or judicial tribunal may have regard to the race of citizens when the civil rights of those citizens are involved. . . .
Every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons. . . . The fundamental objection, therefore, to the statute is that it interferes with the personal freedom of citizens. . . .
The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power. So, I doubt not, it will continue to be for all time, if it remains true to its great heritage and holds fast to the principles of constitutional liberty. But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. . . . Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. . . . The law regards man as man and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved
The opinions delivered in Plessy v. Ferguson concern

A) the constitutional protections for the institution of slavery.
B) conflicts over definitions of citizenship.
C) the expansion of railroads into western lands.
D) the status of Louisiana as a free state or slave state.

Question 6

Looking Backward (1893)

How did the obstacles faced by immigrants like the one in this cartoon differ from those of immigrants in earlier eras?

A) Gilded Age immigrants more often lacked the skills and proficiency in English needed to assimilate.
B) American citizens organized politically against the Gilded Age immigrants, whereas earlier immigrant groups were more successful in gaining political influence.
C) Anti-immigration groups during the Gilded Age brought more violence to American cities than did earlier waves of immigrants.
D) Americans more eagerly assimilated earlier waves of immigrants and ostracized Gilded Age immigrants.

Question 7

Address to the Democratic Convention (1896)
William Jennings Bryan
There are two ideas of government. There are those that believe if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. . . .
You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities, leave our farms, and your cities will spring up against as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.
The argument made by Bryan in the above excerpt represents the culmination of Gilded Age debates about which of the following issues?

A) the treatment of industrial workers
B) the currency issue
C) the rights of African-Americans in the South
D) the tariff issue

Question 8

Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
John Marshall Harlan
. . . I deny that any legislative body or judicial tribunal may have regard to the race of citizens when the civil rights of those citizens are involved. . . .
Every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons. . . . The fundamental objection, therefore, to the statute is that it interferes with the personal freedom of citizens. . . .
The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power. So, I doubt not, it will continue to be for all time, if it remains true to its great heritage and holds fast to the principles of constitutional liberty. But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. . . . Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. . . . The law regards man as man and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved
Justice Harlan's dissent was a direct response to

A) increasingly prominent racist ideas in the Gilded Age.
B) social Darwinism, which justified the successes of those at the top.
C) popular visions of "good," such as the formation of utopian societies.
D) corruption in government and business.

Question 9

Declaration of War (1898)
William McKinley
The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been, and it is plain that it cannot be, extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop.
In view of these facts and of these considerations, I ask the Congress to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes.
What constitutional issue arose in the aftermath of the war?

A) the citizenship rights of inhabitants of occupied lands
B) the United States' authority to suppress insurrection movements in occupied territory
C) the authority of the United States to create a Cuban constitution
D) the requirement of popular approval for annexing new territories

Question 10

The New South (1886)
Henry Grady
We understand that when Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, your victory was assured, for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty, against which the arms of man cannot prevail-while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the corner-stone of the Confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could, committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in sight of advancing civilization. . . .
The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement-a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core. . . .
The new South is . . . thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten.
Henry Grady's ideas are most consistent with those of

A) Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois, who sought economic advancement and equal protection.
B) Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa movement.
C) the practice of sharecropping and black codes.
D) progressive reform efforts.

Question 11

Looking Backward (1893)

In terms of finding employment, it is likely that the new immigrant depicted in the cartoon would have

A) competed with free blacks for a low-wage job.
B) ventured westward where land was cheap.
C) began with a menial job.
D) resorted to crime in order to survive.

Question 12

Declaration of War (1898)
William McKinley
The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been, and it is plain that it cannot be, extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop.
In view of these facts and of these considerations, I ask the Congress to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes.
What was the most significant concern of Americans who opposed war with Spain?

A) The conflicts in Cuba were internal matters that did not concern the United States.
B) Yellow journalism was becoming rampant and too influential on government policy.
C) War would impose too great of an economic burden on the United States to justify intervention.
D) The United States would be acting in an imperialistic manner.

Question 13

The New South (1886)
Henry Grady
We understand that when Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, your victory was assured, for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty, against which the arms of man cannot prevail-while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the corner-stone of the Confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could, committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in sight of advancing civilization. . . .
The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement-a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core. . . .
The new South is . . . thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten.
What was Grady's primary objective in this speech?

A) to win the trust of the North
B) to encourage freedmen to work hand in hand with whites
C) to inject religion into southern politics
D) to offer an apology for slavery

Question 14

Address to the Democratic Convention (1896)
William Jennings Bryan
There are two ideas of government. There are those that believe if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. . . .
You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities, leave our farms, and your cities will spring up against as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.
The sentiments expressed in the excerpt would have been most strongly supported by which of the following?

A) western agrarian interests
B) southern plantation owners
C) eastern industrialists
D) northern merchants

Question 15

Address to the Democratic Convention (1896)
William Jennings Bryan
There are two ideas of government. There are those that believe if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. . . .
You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities, leave our farms, and your cities will spring up against as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.
Which of the following groups would have given the strongest support to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

A) the Republican Party of the Gilded Age
B) those opposed to the expansionist ideas of Manifest Destiny
C) Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans of the 1790s
D) abolitionists of the antebellum era

Question 16

Looking Backward (1893)

Which of the following groups would have been most sympathetic to the issues raised by the cartoon?

A) the Know-Nothing Party
B) city bosses
C) anti-imperialists
D) urban progressives

Question 17

Grange Poster (1873)

This poster was inspired by

A) graft and corruption in local and state politics.
B) the failure of Reconstruction.
C) government policies favoring big business.
D) conflict with Native Americans.

Question 18

Declaration of War (1898)
William McKinley
The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been, and it is plain that it cannot be, extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop.
In view of these facts and of these considerations, I ask the Congress to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes.
As a result of the war with Spain, President McKinley was faced with the question of whether to

A) impose oversight of the economic activities of Latin American and European countries.
B) challenge the economic influence of China.
C) annex the Philippines or grant them independence.
D) crush a rebellion of anti-imperialists in China.

Question 19

The New South (1886)
Henry Grady
We understand that when Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, your victory was assured, for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty, against which the arms of man cannot prevail-while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the corner-stone of the Confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could, committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in sight of advancing civilization. . . .
The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement-a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core. . . .
The new South is . . . thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten.
Grady's ideas presented an important change in the economic structures of the United States by proposing

A) the recharter of a central bank.
B) an emphasis on industrialization in the South.
C) a land usage policy defined by sharecropping and crop liens.
D) government based on a social compact.

Question 20

Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
John Marshall Harlan
. . . I deny that any legislative body or judicial tribunal may have regard to the race of citizens when the civil rights of those citizens are involved. . . .
Every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons. . . . The fundamental objection, therefore, to the statute is that it interferes with the personal freedom of citizens. . . .
The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power. So, I doubt not, it will continue to be for all time, if it remains true to its great heritage and holds fast to the principles of constitutional liberty. But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. . . . Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. . . . The law regards man as man and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved
The question in Plessy v. Ferguson was largely based on the rights granted in the

A) First Amendment.
B) Emancipation Proclamation.
C) Fourteenth Amendment.
D) National Origins Act.

Question 21

Which was NOT part of the Populist platform?

A) A graduated income tax.
B) Direct election of U.S. senators.
C) Government ownership of railroads.
D) Higher tariffs.

Question 22

How did economic development in Brazil during and after the American Civil War affect the lives of southern cotton farmers?

A) Brazilian demand for American cotton created new opportunities for southern cotton growers.
B) Poverty and crime in South America triggered a mass migration of cheap farm workers into the American South where they replaced former slaves.
C) The expansion of Brazilian cotton cultivation lowered global prices for the crop and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers.
D) The expansion of slavery in Brazil in the wake of American emancipation prompted southern farmers to give up cotton cultivation for good.

Question 23

Republican presidential candidate William McKinley:

A) was a stage actor of some renown.
B) ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform.
C) argued in favor of the gold standard.
D) lost to Bryan in 1896.

Question 24

Why did the Populist movement energize thousands of American women?

A) Populist leaders argued for the election of an equal proportion of men and women to political office.
B) Talented, reform-minded women organized and strategized for Populism.
C) Western Populists supported woman's suffrage.
D) B and C

Question 25

The expression of agrarian discontent as a prominent national issue diminished at the turn of the century with

A) a policy of imperialism.
B) federal decisions that undermined the farmers' position.
C) a monetary policy that made it impossible for farmers to continue their cause.
D) the electoral defeat of the People's Party

Question 26

The Farmers' Alliance hoped to improve American farmers' economic stress by:

A) proposing the creation of government-sponsored crop warehouses.
B) allocating membership dues to railroad companies who agreed to ship produce at lower rates.
C) organizing the boycotting of local banks and local stores selling eastern goods.
D) sponsoring Alliance "exchanges" that would pool money for investment in modern farm machinery.

Question 27

Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT:

A) high freight rates charged by railroads.
B) excessive interest rates for loans from bankers.
C) the high tariff policies of the federal government.
D) the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

Question 28

Critics later interpreted the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the 1896 presidential election in which of the following ways?

A) Glenda, the Good Witch, represents candidate William Jennings Bryan, champion of goodness.
B) The angry monkeys chasing Dorothy are stand-ins for Republican Party members seeking to trample the rights of workers.
C) The Wicked Witch of the East symbolizes oppressive eastern industrialists.
D) The Emerald City suggests a green, unspoiled landscape still sought after by western voters.

Question 29

With the Redeemers in power in the South:

A) Louisiana became the only state in the Union where white illiteracy rates actually increased.
B) convict labor, rented out to private business owners, became a profitable venture for railroad, mining, and lumber companies.
C) taxes on white landowners increased in most southern states to raise badly needed revenue for shrinking state budgets.
D) A and B

Question 30

How were federal troops used in the Pullman Strike of 1894?

A) As moderators between the employees and employers.
B) To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners.
C) They were not used at all.
D) As workers themselves, to replace the striking workers.

Question 31

Which statement about the People's Party is FALSE?

A) It emerged from the Farmers' Alliance in the 1890s and claimed to speak for all the "producing classes."
B) It embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education.
C) Its platform of 1892 remains a classic document of American reform, advocating radical ideas of the day such as graduated income tax and increased democracy.
D) It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform.

Question 32

William Jennings Bryan:

A) called for the unrestricted mining of silver.
B) angered Populists after giving a fiery convention speech denouncing the "free coinage" of silver.
C) failed to win enough support from the Democratic Party as the nominee for president in 1896.
D) entered politics late in life, after a successful career as a Methodist minister.

Question 33

The 1894 Pullman Strike:

A) ended with the arrival of Coxey's Army, a private security agency hired by George Pullman.
B) crippled national rail service and triggered the arrest of union president Eugene V. Debs.
C) despite significant violence, resulted in a rare compromise between the American Railway Union and Pullman Sleeping Cars.
D) received unexpected support from Attorney General Richard Olney, who believed in the rights of railroad workers to a fair wage.

Question 34

Which institution was hardest hit by the Redeemers once they assumed power in the South?

A) Churches.
B) Public schools.
C) Mental health facilities.
D) Jails.

Question 35

The severe depression of 1893:

A) led to increased conflict between capital and labor.
B) caused little, if any, hardship.
C) affected only factory workers.
D) was a period in which labor and capital looked for compromise.

Question 36

Grange Poster (1873)

What conditions made profitable farming increasingly challenging during the Gilded Age?

A) the lack of access to technology
B) westward expansion that devalued the land
C) a steep reduction in the demand for crops
D) the high rates railroads charged farmers to transport their crops

Question 37

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the significance of the 1892 strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania?

A) The strikers' defeat spelled the end of future union organization by skilled industrial workers.
B) Press scrutiny of the strike sent stock prices up for Carnegie Steel Company, suggesting that "all press is good press" for corporate owners.
C) It demonstrated the enormous power of large corporations and reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance.
D) Public outcry over the involvement of the state militia in crushing the strike prompted the resignation of Pennsylvania's governor.

Question 38

Grange Poster (1873)

To cope with the conditions illustrated, farmers hoped for

A) an expanded economic role for the federal government.
B) increased mechanization of agriculture.
C) wars that would expand the territory of the United States.
D) a monetary policy that would cause deflation.

Question 39

Which statement about the 1896 election is FALSE?

A) William McKinley's victory ended the political stalemate that had persisted since 1876.
B) The Populist Party declined after the election.
C) The election is considered the first modern presidential campaign.
D) William Jennings Bryan lost because he supported the gold standard.

Question 40

How did Populists hope to guarantee farmers inexpensive access to markets for their crops?

A) They called on local governments to invest in a better road network.
B) They appealed to local banks for affordable loans.
C) They called for public ownership of the railroads.
D) They tried to train farmers in more efficient farming methods.

Question 41

By 1900, in both the North and South:

A) history textbooks emphasized Reconstruction's merits.
B) the role of black soldiers in ensuring Union victory in the Civil War was all but forgotten.
C) history texts portrayed African-Americans as happy in slavery.
D) African-Americans had largely solidified the political and economic gains made in Reconstruction.

Question 42

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882:

A) led to an increase in civil rights for Chinese people and Chinese-Americans living in the United States.
B) was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.
C) led to the deportation of the 105,000 Chinese people living in the United States in 1882.
D) led to a decrease in discrimination and violence against the Chinese.

Question 43

Which of the following does NOT describe an effect of U.S. Chinese exclusion policies of the late nineteenth century?

A) Chinese discrimination victims sought redress of rights violations through the courts.
B) A 2012 Congressional resolution apologized for their exacerbation of racial discrimination.
C) In protest, some Chinese refused to carry required identification papers.
D) Eastern cities experienced a dramatic increase in Chinese immigration.

Question 44

How did the Civil War come to be remembered by the 1890s as the white North and South moved toward reconciliation?

A) As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part.
B) As a significant turning point in American economic history, as wage labor won out over slave labor.
C) As a monumental political struggle that culminated in the emancipation of 4 million people.
D) As a struggle between federal and state rights that redefined the laws of the founding fathers.

Question 45

The "Kansas Exodus" meant all of the following EXCEPT:

A) hope for blacks to escape racial violence in the South.
B) the migration of 40,000 to 60,000 African-Americans to Kansas.
C) the eventual return of most black migrants to the South.
D) the possibility of political equality, access to education, and economic opportunity was worth a long journey west for many African-Americans.

Question 46

"New immigrants":

A) defined mostly those from China and Japan.
B) arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires.
C) in contrast to "old immigrants," did not arouse the ire of nativists, who saw these newcomers as more willing to work.
D) in Boston helped form an "Immigration Restriction League" as a response to Mexican immigrants.

Question 47

Plessy v. Ferguson:

A) was a unanimous decision.
B) sanctioned racial segregation.
C) voided the Thirteenth Amendment.
D) limited the hours that women could legally work.

Question 48

The American Federation of Labor's founder Samuel Gompers used the idea of "freedom of contract" to:

A) argue against interference by judges with workers' right to organize unions.
B) argue for the right of workers to form political parties to shape government.
C) argue for direct confrontation between unions and corporations.
D) justify the exclusion of women and blacks from the American Federation of Labor.

Question 49

How did black women challenge the racial ideology of the Jim Crow South?

A) They formed their own secret militant organization.
B) They used their positions in domestic service for sabotage, pilfering, and revenge.
C) They insisted on the equal respectability of black women by working for "racial uplift."
D) They stressed the supremacy of their men to counter claims that black families lacked patriarchal order.

Question 50

An all-encompassing system of white domination in the South was achieved through:

A) barring blacks from ever entering "whites only" railroad cars.
B) the mass exodus of over 90 percent of African-Americans to northern cities for work in factories.
C) businesses serving whites before blacks.
D) A and B

Question 51

On what grounds did Justice David J. Brewer dissent from the majority opinion in the case of Fong Yue Ting (1893) that authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law?

A) He argued that the Chinese were mostly decent and honorable and worthy of Americans' respect.
B) Brewer worried that a similar rationale could be used in the future to subvert the rights to due process of other people.
C) He explained that Chinese immigrants should be expelled on grounds of the Naturalization Act, not the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) He reasoned that the Constitution of the United States had never applied to any group of immigrants.

Question 52

Apart from the racial identity of victims, what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs?

A) The victim's lack of education.
B) The victim's parenting style.
C) The victim's lack of employment.
D) The victim's alleged sexual conduct.

Question 53

In his Atlanta speech of 1895, Booker T. Washington:

A) called for political equality.
B) encouraged blacks to adjust to segregation.
C) opposed vocational education for blacks.
D) fought against segregation.

Question 54

The Immigration Restriction League:

A) called for increased immigration from Asia.
B) was founded by new immigrants.
C) wanted to bar immigrants under the age of eighteen.
D) wanted to bar immigrants who were illiterate.

Question 55

The New South as promoted by Henry Grady:

A) signified the widespread economic prosperity in the region.
B) promised prosperity based on industrial expansion.
C) appealed to eastern European immigrants.
D) meant higher wages for unskilled workers, regardless of race.

Question 56

Why did the South fail to attract significant economic development in the wake of Reconstruction?

A) Northern investors stayed away, appalled by southern race relations.
B) Northerners considered a South without African-Americans in chains too risky for investment.
C) Investors came to the South for cheap labor and low taxes, so they made few capital investments in the region.
D) Southern white supremacists tended to scare off northern capital industries.

Question 57

By the end of the nineteenth century, African-American men in the South:

A) were limited to holding local offices.
B) were forced out of politics and passed leadership to female African-American activists.
C) continued to hold elective office with no restrictions.
D) joined the Democratic Party.

Question 58

Which statement about the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South is FALSE?

A) White leaders presented disenfranchisement as a "good government" measure.
B) Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions meant to eliminate the black vote.
C) In passing various laws to restrict blacks from voting, numerous poor and illiterate whites also lost the right to vote in the South.
D) The Supreme Court upheld the grandfather clause.

Question 59

The Supreme Court decision United States v. Wong Kim Ark ruled that:

A) the Fourteenth Amendment gave Asians born in the United States citizenship.
B) San Francisco had to grant licenses to Chinese-operated laundries.
C) Chinese merchants were exempt from the Chinese Exclusion Act.
D) the federal government had the right to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law.

Question 60

What explains the appeal of the Lost Cause mythology for Southern whites in the late nineteenth century?

A) It allowed Southerners to engage in denial and believe they never lost the Civil War.
B) It downplayed the tensions between the Union and the Confederacy.
C) It preserved memory of the Confederacy without the burden of white supremacy.
D) It helped southern whites cope with defeat but preserve white supremacy.

Question 61

How did American racial attitudes shape South African politics?

A) The Union of South Africa followed the model of U.S. segregation with its own system of apartheid.
B) The excesses of U.S. Jim Crow rule inspired the country's anti-apartheid movement.
C) The transfer of segregationist policies into American foreign affairs triggered a wave of reforms in the Union of South Africa.
D) The sense of shared purpose between the United States and the Union of South Africa led to a close military alliance aimed at the subjugation of sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 62

During the "Age of Empire," American racial attitudes:

A) had a global impact.
B) inspired Canada to grant Chinese immigrants equal rights.
C) inspired Australians to grant suffrage to native peoples.
D) influenced South Africans' decision to abandon apartheid.

Question 63

Native-born middle-class women under the leadership of Carrie Chapman-Catt argued that they deserved the right to vote on account of their:

A) birth in the United States.
B) status as an educated and superior race.
C) feminine sensibilities.
D) service as volunteers during the Civil War.

Question 64

The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU):

A) was a small organization of radical feminists.
B) was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
C) moved from demanding prohibition to pushing for women's suffrage.
D) was a single-issue organization out to ban alcohol.

Question 65

Americans have referred to the 1890s as the women's era because:

A) women could vote.
B) few women had to work outside the home.
C) women's economic opportunities and roles in public life expanded.
D) growing numbers of women held political office.

Question 66

What did the term "white man's burden" mean?

A) Domination of non-whites by white people was necessary for the progress of civilization.
B) Imperialism required long absences from friends and family back home.
C) The only way to ensure American victory in the Philippine War was for white soldiers to accept black fighters into their ranks.
D) It was a tongue-in-cheek reference coined by Mark Twain to describe American troop atrocities against Filipinos.

Question 67

In the 1890s, the National American Woman Suffrage Association:

A) supported the right of immigrant women to vote.
B) supported the right of African-American women to vote.
C) was dominated by working-class women.
D) argued that native-born white women's votes would counteract the "ignorant foreign vote."

Question 68

Which statement about the Spanish-American War is true?

A) The war lasted only four months and resulted in less than 400 U.S. battle casualties.
B) Congress indicated that it was going to war to annex Cuba.
C) The war came as little surprise given the fact that William McKinley campaigned in 1896 on a platform favoring imperial expansion.
D) Admiral Dewey secured Manila Bay by defeating the Spanish in a bloody three-day battle.

Question 69

In contrast to the expansion of the 1890s, U.S. interests in Alaska originated in a desire for:

A) territory.
B) religious conversion.
C) petroleum resources.
D) the fur trade.

Question 70

Had the Teller Amendment been applied to the Philippines and Cuba, how would it have changed the Spanish-American war?

A) Cuba would have become an associated territory as well.
B) The United States would have never fought the Spanish navy at Manila.
C) The Filipino nationalist movement would not have emerged.
D) The United States would have been barred from annexing the archipelago.

Question 71

In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court:

A) determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would become U.S. citizens in 1904.
B) held that the Constitution did not fully apply to the territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War.
C) determined that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos were entitled to the same rights as U.S. citizens.
D) held that the annexation of the Philippines violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 72

The Platt Amendment:

A) recognized Cuban autonomy.
B) granted independence to Puerto Rico.
C) limited the U.S. presence in the Philippines.
D) authorized the United States to intervene militarily in Cuba.

Question 73

President William McKinley justified U.S. annexation of the Philippines on all of the following grounds EXCEPT the United States:

A) needed to civilize Filipinos.
B) needed the islands for business and trade.
C) needed to ensure that the Philippines became an independent democracy.
D) needed to Christianize the Filipinos.

Question 74

Supporters of the Anti-Imperialist League:

A) believed that American energies should be directed at home, not abroad.
B) argued in favor of "benevolent" imperialism.
C) maintained that Filipinos were entitled to U.S. citizenship.
D) argued that Puerto Ricans were entitled to U.S. citizenship.

Question 75

The Philippine War:

A) resulted in Filipino independence.
B) was far longer and bloodier than the Spanish-American War.
C) was little debated at the time.
D) was part of the American effort to liberate the Philippines.

Question 76

Journalists who worked for newspapers like William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, which sensationalized events to sell papers, were called:

A) yellow journalists.
B) trustees.
C) social reformers.
D) muckrakers.

Question 77

Why did Americans celebrate the Spanish-American War?

A) Americans had long wished for a colonial empire that included the Philippines.
B) Americans had harbored deep resentments against Cuba ever since the Mexican-American War.
C) A military victory against the most powerful military in the world at the time-Spain-was a source of much national pride.
D) Americans experienced the war as an occasion for national reconciliation between North and South.

Question 78

Which of the following was the reason for U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines?

A) The search for raw materials.
B) The desire to unravel European empires.
C) Exclusive access to consumer markets in these territories.
D) Control of strategic gateways from which to project American naval and commercial power.

Question 79

The ascendancy of the American Federation of Labor during the 1890s reflected:

A) the increasing radicalism of the American labor movement.
B) the increasing social conscience in the American population overall.
C) a shift from broad reform goals to more limited goals.
D) the success of the political lobbying efforts of labor organizers.

Question 80

American expansionism after the 1890s:

A) was largely driven by the desire for expanded overseas trade.
B) was hampered by the continued U.S. observance of the Monroe Doctrine.
C) had little to do with American consumer demand for foreign products.
D) severely depressed the nation's agricultural and industrial production.