Deck 4: Social Perception and Managing Diversity

Question 1

Managers cannot be trained to reduce implicit cognition; the best that they can do is to merely recognize its importance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

To make effective hiring decisions,managers should learn to use their implicit cognitions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

External influences are individual differences that we have the ability to influence.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A person's level of effort is an internal factor in attributions.

Question 5

Joe,a marketing major,believes that Mary is probably better at math than he is because she is a finance major.This is an example of a stereotype.

Question 6

While perception is a part of the organizing framework for understanding and applying OB,it is a relatively unimportant process.

Question 7

Alana looks at the clouds and sees flowers.Her brother,Sammy,looks at the same clouds and sees jellyfish.Alana and Sammy have different

A) stereotypes.
B) perceptions.
C) attributions.
D) attitudes.
E) contexts.

Question 8

Perception is the process that

A) measures an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group.
B) automatically activates any thoughts or beliefs from memory.
C) evaluates suspected or inferred causes of behavior.
D) enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
E) attributes another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics.

Question 9

Causal attributions are the suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

Question 10

The negativity bias tends to make us notice bad things more than good things.

Question 11

Justine,a manager,has decided that Harrison is performing poorly because he is lazy.This is an example of a negativity bias.

Question 12

The outer layer of the diversity wheel is that of organizational dimensions.

Question 13

Nita is the office manager at a service station.Two applicants,Max and Tim,arrive to interview for the open mechanic's position.Max's clothes are dirty,his hair is unwashed,and he doesn't make eye contact when he gives Nita his name.Tim dresses in clean jeans and a nice shirt,is shaved,and shakes Nita's hand when he introduces himself.After the interview,Keith the head mechanic,asks Nita what she thought.Both men have the skill set needed for the position.Nita recommends Tim.She is responding to her perception of

A) diversity.
B) the perceiver.
C) the target.
D) her culture.
E) past performance.

Question 14

Perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

Question 15

The use of implicit cognition leads people to make biased decisions.

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the key perceiver characteristics that affect our perceptions of others?

A) needs and goals
B) category-based knowledge
C) nonverbal cues
D) experience with target
E) direction of gaze

Question 17

There are two key situational characteristics that affect perception: the______ of the interaction,and the culture and race ______ between perceivers

A) nonverbal cues; needs and goals
B) situation; cognitive load
C) consistency; context
D) cognitive load; situation
E) context; consistency

Question 18

Kelley identified three dimensions of behavior that people observe when making attributions: consensus,distinctiveness,and consistency.

Question 19

In distinctiveness,I compare an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers.

Question 20

Stereotypes exist about gender,race,and age,but not about occupation.

Question 21

Bill receives a compliment on a recent campaign; he attributes the success to his creativity.Mark's campaign didn't do well; he blames his team for not pulling together.These are examples of

A) self-serving bias.
B) person perception.
C) fundamental attribution.
D) consensus.
E) implicit cognition.

Question 22

______ is based on a simple premise: Rightly or wrongly,people infer causes for their own and others' behavior.

A) Context of interaction
B) Stereotyping
C) Person perception
D) Implicit cognition
E) Attribution theory

Question 23

Pat is applying for a new job.Which of the following will help her online "image"?

A) Include information on her volunteer activities.
B) Criticize a former employer.
C) Post pictures of her at a Halloween party in costume.
D) Make negative political comments.
E) Post comments about religious conflicts.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a technique by which managers can reduce the effect of implicit cognition in hiring?

A) Use structured interviews.
B) Use multiple interviewers.
C) Use virtual interviews.
D) Undergo training to reduce bias.
E) Rely on stereotypes.

Question 25

Carl's team is evaluating his effectiveness as a leader.Which of the following behaviors does reflect an effective leader?

A) telling others they have done well
B) not letting other group members make any decisions
C) trying to get the group to work as a team
D) maintaining definite standards of performance
E) setting specific goals for the group

Question 26

We build stereotypes through a four-step process.Which of the following is not part of the process?

A) maintenance
B) appraisal
C) categorization
D) inferences
E) expectations

Question 27

Mario is setting up an after-school program for inner city youth.The population is a mix of white,African-American and Latino,with Latinos comprising the majority of participants.Which of the following would help the group overcome stereotypes?

A) Create project opportunities using a mix of populations with equal status.
B) Ignore stereotypes and the students will do the same.
C) Ask the Latino student to be "nice" to the minority groups.
D) Prevent any discussion of stereotypes.
E) Treat the minority factions differently from the Latinos.

Question 28

Why do recruiters use virtual interviews?

A) to accurately assess if the applicant will "fit in"
B) to reduce problems associated with implicit cognition
C) solely to save on travel expenses
D) to evaluate work that does not produce objective outcomes
E) to better judge leadership qualities

Question 29

The steps in the process of stereotype formation and maintenance in order are

A) categorization, expectations, inferences, maintenance.
B) categorization, inferences, expectations, maintenance.
C) expectations, categorization, inferences, maintenance.
D) inferences, categorization, expectations, maintenance.
E) inferences, expectations, categorization, maintenance.

Question 30

Sharon observes her older co-worker,Robert,being rude to a new trainee.She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new trainees.Sharon believes that Robert resents the younger management trainees,who he refers to as "know-it-alls." She talks to him about _______ to help him understand.

A) perceptions
B) implicit cognition
C) appraisals
D) stereotyping
E) internal attribution

Question 31

The use of implicit cognitions

A) leads people to make biased decisions.
B) causes individuals to form stereotypes.
C) influences managers to hire good candidates.
D) fosters cultural change.
E) is consistent with affirmative action programs.

Question 32

Marion,a shift supervisor,is keeping a performance diary for each of her employees.This mechanism can ______ performance appraisals.

A) reduce bias in
B) prove stereotypes for
C) increase bias in
D) eliminate
E) speed up

Question 33

A(n)______ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group.

A) implicit cognition
B) stereotype
C) negativity bias
D) attribution
E) memory

Question 34

Which of the following is not a behavior that research found in the employees' categorical knowledge of good leaders?

A) Telling people they had done well.
B) Setting specific goals for the group.
C) Maintaining definite standards for performance.
D) Letting other group members make decisions.
E) Using an autocratic approach.

Question 35

"Women have a harder time than men in being perceived as effective leaders." This statement is a(n)

A) awareness.
B) reference.
C) proven fact.
D) accommodation.
E) stereotype.

Question 36

When must managers accurately identify and communicate the behavioral characteristics and results they look for in a good performance?

A) at the beginning of a review cycle
B) in the middle of a review cycle
C) at the end of a review cycle
D) during the performance review meeting
E) at least once a year

Question 37

Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing three dimensions of behavior

A) context, consistency, and simplification.
B) consensus, storage, and retention.
C) distinctiveness, retrieval, and consensus.
D) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
E) consistency, recognition, and context.

Question 38

Carrie goes out to lunch and orders a diet soda.If we consider _________,she is likely to prefer a salad for lunch.

A) person perception
B) category-based knowledge
C) context of interaction
D) implicit cognition
E) cognitive load

Question 39

Melissa walks into her morning status meeting.She didn't have time for breakfast or even coffee.During the meeting,she is most likely to focus on

A) staying alert because she knows the meeting can be tedious.
B) snacks and drinks because she is hungry and thirsty.
C) the agenda because it is the first thing she sees when she walks in.
D) her phone messages because of her past experience with these meetings.
E) the amount of tasks she has to accomplish today.

Question 40

The existence of implicit cognition leads people to make ________ decisions without realizing they are doing so.

A) attentive
B) biased
C) perceptive
D) independent
E) predictable

Question 41

Since she was hired four months ago,Janelle has performed poorly on many aspects of her job.This is likely to be attributed to

A) internal causes.
B) external causes.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental bias.
E) nothing; there is not enough information.

Question 42

If Otto views a situation as having low consensus,low distinctiveness,and high consistency,he is likely to make an attribution of

A) internal causes.
B) external causes.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental bias.
E) person perception.

Question 43

David's boss has observed that David took about 12 hours to perform tasks A,B,and C.However,he took 24 hours to complete task
D)David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks.Which of the following attributional information led David's boss to this conclusion?
A)high distinctiveness
B)high consensus
C)low consensus
D)high consistency
E)low distinctiveness

A) high distinctiveness
B) high consensus
C) However, he took 24 hours to complete task
C) low consensus
D) David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks. Which of the following attributional information led David's boss to this conclusion?

Question 44

Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing

A) external and internal factors and perceptions.
B) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
C) effort, consistency, and ability.
D) implicit and explicit factors.
E) stereotypes and implicit cognition.

Question 45

Camilla,a manager,notes that Wilhelm's written reports from his hire date to the present are very thorough and accurate.Camilla is looking at

A) consensus.
B) distinctiveness.
C) implicit factors.
D) explicit factors.
E) consistency.

Question 46

Molly works as a dishwasher at a restaurant.She comes across as a fun-loving,party-going person.One day her dog falls sick and Molly has to take him to the vet.She calls her boss and tells him that she won't be coming in to work.Her boss thinks that Molly is missing work intentionally,so that she can go out and party.Which of the following best describes the boss's perception of the situation?

A) halo effect
B) leniency effect
C) central tendency
D) self-serving bias
E) fundamental attribution bias

Question 47

Chris has studied for his mathematics test and his English test.He expects to do moderately well in both subjects.He gets an "A" in English,but fails mathematics.While Chris feels that the grade he got for English was well-deserved,he blames his failure in mathematics on the fact that his teacher,Mr.Wallace,does not like him.In this situation,Chris is exhibiting

A) stereotypical behavior.
B) a fundamental attribution bias.
C) a negativity bias.
D) micro-aggression.
E) a self-serving bias.

Question 48

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations to managers about reducing stereotypes?

A) Managers should educate people about stereotypes.
B) Managers should create opportunities for diverse employees to work together.
C) Managers should encourage all employees to strive to increase their awareness of stereotypes.
D) Managers should actively ignore stereotypes.
E) Managers should provide opportunities for employees to get accurate data about the characteristics of other groups of people.

Question 49

The fundamental attribution bias says that we tend to overattribute others' behaviors to _________ factors.

A) situational
B) external
C) environmental
D) personal
E) self-serving

Question 50

Ethan observes that his subordinate,Nate,is performing and acting like the other members of the unit.He is observing

A) consensus.
B) distinctiveness.
C) implicit factors.
D) explicit factors.
E) consistency.

Question 51

All the employees in Mustafa's unit are performing poorly on one specific aspect of their jobs during the month of June; however,they are performing well on all other parts of their job.This is likely to be attributed to

A) internal causes.
B) external causes.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental bias.
E) implicit cognition.

Question 52

Josef,a manager,reviews Arturo's performance over the past six months and notes that during February he was late to work five times.He was not late during any other months.Josef is observing

A) consensus.
B) distinctiveness.
C) implicit factors.
D) explicit factors.
E) consistency.

Question 53

At its most basic,a person's behavior can be attributed to either ______ or ______ factors.

A) internal; external
B) motivated; accidental
C) effort; ability
D) success; failure
E) implicit; explicit

Question 54

John,a mid-level manager,notices that all his subordinates are filling out their monthly reports incorrectly.He concludes that the report forms are too complicated and need to be revised.On which type of attributional information is John's decision based?

A) low consistency
B) low consensus
C) high consistency
D) low distinctiveness
E) high consensus

Question 55

Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been assigned in her management class are all athletes on the college's football and basketball teams.She immediately considers dropping the class because she thinks her experience with that team will be negative.Joyce is likely to be reacting to a

A) negativity bias.
B) stereotype.
C) self-serving bias.
D) semantic memory.
E) fundamental attribution bias.

Question 56

External factors include all of the following except

A) bad luck.
B) a difficult task.
C) ineffective coworkers.
D) putting forth effort.
E) an unsympathetic boss.

Question 57

Which one of the following is not a difference between affirmative action and diversity management?

A) Affirmative action does not legitimize quotas.
B) Affirmative action does not require companies to hire unqualified people.
C) Affirmative action has created tremendous opportunities for women and minorities.
D) Affirmative action is an intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance.
E) Affirmative action only refers to mandatory programs.

Question 58

________ are suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

A) Implicit cognitions
B) Stereotypes
C) Causal attributions
D) Selectivity biases
E) Semantic memories

Question 59

Josephine is on a four-person project team in her management class.The team produces four reports during the term,and each person leads one of these projects.The project Josephine leads earned an A,while the team receives Cs on the other three reports. Josephine believes that her project was successful was because of her leadership abilities,while the other projects were not as good because of the inadequate skills of the other team members.She demonstrates ______ in her beliefs.

A) negativity bias
B) self-serving bias
C) central tendency
D) halo effect
E) leniency effect

Question 60

The self-serving bias states that we tend to

A) take more responsibility for failure than success.
B) blame others for our failures.
C) give credit to others for their successes.
D) over-attribute others' behaviors to personal factors.
E) take more responsibility for success than failure.

Question 61

Shoney's hired African Americans to fill positions of dining-room supervisors and vice presidents,added more franchises owned by African Americans,and purchased more goods and services from minority-owned companies.This represents the _____ option that organization can use to address diversity issues.

A) suppress
B) isolate
C) include/exclude
D) assimilate
E) deny

Question 62

Perception is influenced by three key components.Describe each component and give an example of each from your own experiences.

Question 63

The millennial generation is described as

A) patriotic, loyal, and disciplined.
B) multitasking, communicate fast, and online.
C) workaholic, idealistic, competitive.
D) entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.
E) self-reliant, adaptable, cynical.

Question 64

Surface-level characteristics include _____,age,and race.

A) gender
B) attitudes
C) opinions
D) values
E) seniority

Question 65

Jennifer is described by her friends as independent,distrusting authority,and technologically savvy.One of her strongest memories is the day of the Oklahoma City bombings.She is most likely to be a member of the _____ generation.

A) Baby boomers
B) Gen Xers
C) Gen 2020
D) Traditionalists
E) Millennials

Question 66

Seema is married with two children and lives in New York.She has worked at Bubble Zone for 10 years.These are all _______of the four layers of diversity.

A) internal dimensions
B) organizational dimensions
C) external dimensions
D) personality
E) affirmations

Question 67

Which of the following is not a layer of diversity?

A) organizational
B) personality
C) internal
D) attributional
E) external

Question 68

Of the following options,which is the action to address any type of diversity issue?

A) mutual adaptation
B) exclusion
C) denial
D) isolation
E) assimilation

Question 69

Helen uses a wheelchair to get around.Her company,Cue Furniture,makes sure her desk is wheelchair accessible.The ___________ requires the company to do provide this.

A) Civil Rights Act
B) Rehabilitation Act
C) Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
D) Americans with Disabilities Act
E) Equal Treatment Directive

Question 70

Deep-level characteristics of diversity

A) are the most stable.
B) are unchangeable.
C) include attitudes, opinions, and values.
D) are not under our control.
E) include our ethnicity.

Question 71

Karrin notices immediately that one of the members assigned to her team in a marketing class is a middle-aged man.This is a(n)_______ characteristic.

A) deep-level
B) surface-level
C) internal
D) external
E) attributional

Question 72

The term _______ identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.

A) diversity management
B) affirmative action
C) glass ceiling
D) causal attribution
E) self-serving bias

Question 73

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it acknowledges differences but does not value nor accept them?

A) mutual adaptation
B) building relationships
C) toleration
D) isolation
E) suppression

Question 74

______ characteristics are quickly apparent to interactants.

A) Deep-level
B) Surface-level
C) Internal
D) External
E) Attributional

Question 75

ABC Airlines hires flight attendants from diverse backgrounds and puts them through an extensive training and orientation program before they are approved to fly.In addition to learning about responding to medical issues and FAA guidelines,they also must learn the company's many rules and processes as contained in an extensive procedures and policies manual.ABC Airlines is adopting a(n)______ option for managing diversity.

A) deny
B) assimilate
C) suppress
D) tolerate
E) mutual adaptatio

Question 76

Affirmative action plans

A) are always mandated through legal processes.
B) include quotas.
C) can negatively affect women and minorities.
D) require organizations to hire unqualified people.
E) have failed to create opportunities for women and minorities.

Question 77

Saying,"You've got to pay your dues" is another way to promote the status quo.This is an example of the _______ option that organizations can use to address any type of diversity issue.

A) include/exclude
B) deny
C) suppress
D) isolate
E) tolerate

Question 78

_______ is an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance,injustice,mistake,or outright discrimination that occurred in the past.

A) Discrimination rectification
B) Affirmative action
C) Managing diversity
D) A legitimacy program
E) The glass ceiling

Question 79

Quadrics Company,a service provider,is hiring for their customer service staff.They are reviewing resumes online.Because of "implicit cognitions," Quadrics tends to hire women for these positions.Explain the concept of "implicit cognitions" and describe actions that Quadrics could take to address any bias that occurs.

Question 80

The generation described as workaholic,idealistic,competitive,and materialistic is2020

A) traditionalists.
B) baby boomers.
C) Gen Xers.
D) millennials.
E) Gen