Deck 22: Genomics

Question 1

To identify genes that are actively expressed,researchers isolate

A) DNA.
B) protein.
C) mRNA.
D) cDNA.
E) amino acids.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term genome was first used by

A) H. Winkler in 1920.
B) Francis Crick in 1962.
C) Francis Collins in 1992.
D) J. Craig Venter in 1990.
E) Gregor Mendel in 1858.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Who was the first director of the human genome project?

A) James Watson
B) Francis Crick
C) Jacques Monod
D) Craig Venter
E) Thomas Hunt Morgan

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The part of the genome that encodes protein is called the

A) encode.
B) intron.
C) exon.
D) exome.
E) prodrome.

Question 5

Which genetic map is derived from overlapping short pieces of DNA and is used to distinguish genes tens of kilobases apart?

A) Cytogenetic map
B) Linkage map
C) Physical map
D) Sequence map
E) Genotype map

Question 6

Which timeline is accurate?

A) The finished human genome sequence was published in 2006, the rough draft published in 2004, and the rough draft announced in 2002.
B) The finished human genome sequence was published in 2003, the rough draft published in 2001, and the rough draft announced in 2000.
C) The finished human genome sequence was published in 1998, the rough draft published in 1996, and the rough draft announced in 1995.
D) The finished human genome sequence was published in 2000, the rough draft published in 1995, and the rough draft announced in 1994.
E) The human genome is still being sequenced and annotated, with completion expected in 2012.

Question 7

The original impetus to sequence the human genome was to investigate

A) how the four nitrogenous bases encode information.
B) how people vary.
C) how cancer arises.
D) the effects of exposure to low-level radiation on the genetics of populations.
E) how inherited diseases are related to non-inherited diseases, such as infections, degenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

Question 8

Positional cloning

A) seeks regions of the genome shared by the members of large families who have the same Mendelian disorder.
B) scans and then sequences the human genome chromosome by chromosome, in size order.
C) determines the sequence of protein-encoding genes on a chromosome.
D) identifies expressed sequence tags in genes of interest.
E) cuts several copies of the human genome into pieces and aligns them to derive the overall sequence.

Question 9

The human genome project did not discover copy number variants because

A) people did not know they existed.
B) the sequenced and overlapped DNA pieces were unique.
C) the sequenced and overlapped DNA pieces included repeats.
D) there are too many to count, and they overlap among individuals.
E) no restriction enzymes are known that cut at these sequences.

Question 10

Three percent of the human genome project budget was set aside to address issues of

A) agriculture as it relates to cattle breeds.
B) inherited susceptibilities to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria.
C) ethics, the law, and society.
D) developing technologies from genetic discoveries.
E) how to most effectively catalog discoveries of mutations in this pre-Internet era.

Question 11

An initial objection to sequencing the human genome was that it would take funding away from a pressing health concern of the time.This problem was

A) the AIDS epidemic.
B) tuberculosis and malaria in developing nations.
C) swine flu, which was threatening to be a pandemic.
D) SARS.
E) a dramatic increase in the incidence of lung cancer.

Question 12

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)allow researchers to identify

A) genes that encode proteins.
B) microsatellites.
C) ribosomal RNA genes.
D) introns.
E) ring chromosomes.

Question 13

The following fragments of DNA correspond to a section of the genome. The derived sequence is

A) C T C A G T C A A C T T G T G T C A
B) T G A C A C A A G T T G A C T G A G
C) A C T G T G T T C A A C T G A C T C
D) A C T G T G T G T T G A C T C T T C A A C A C T G A T G A C
E) impossible to determine from the given information.

Question 14

In the 1980s and 1990s,positional cloning led to the discovery of genes that

A) encode all proteins in the human genome.
B) cause hemophilia, fragile X syndrome, and colorblindness.
C) cause several types of cancers.
D) cause Duchene muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington disease.
E) make a person susceptible to radiation-induced damage to DNA.

Question 15

DNA sequencing can reveal

A) mutations that do not alter phenotype.
B) mutations that do not alter genotype.
C) which tissues express a gene.
D) how many genes a person has.
E) how a person will die.

Question 16

cDNA is copied from

A) DNA.
B) protein.
C) mRNA.
D) a pictogram.
E) a cytogenetic map.

Question 17

If an insufficient number of genomes are cut in a sequencing run,the result could be

A) gaps.
B) mutations.
C) single nucleotide polymorphisms.
D) duplications.
E) inverted sequences.

Question 18

Two technologies that sped progress of the human genome project in 1991 were

A) recombinant DNA technology and PCR.
B) amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
C) screening for sickle cell disease and FISH to identify aneuploidy.
D) the invention of the Internet and personal computers.
E) expressed sequence tags and microarrays.

Question 19

The term genomics means

A) the study of genotypes.
B) population genetics.
C) the study of genetic disease.
D) the study of genes.
E) the study of genomes.

Question 20

The strategy that was ultimately the most successful in sequencing the human genome was

A) the clone-by-clone technique.
B) the recombinant DNA approach.
C) the epigenesis approach.
D) the whole genome shotgun approach.
E) the exome approach.

Question 21

According to the genomic analysis of Mycoplasma genitalium,what are the minimal number of genes required for life?

A) 48,000
B) 480
C) 265 - 350
D) 300 Mb
E) 3

Question 22

The basis of Sanger DNA sequencing is to

A) identify ESTs and place them in order based on their function to derive the overall sequence.
B) collect all of the mRNAs of a given cell type, make cDNAs from them, align the cDNAs, and derive the overall sequence.
C) break several copies of a genome into 3-base codons, and align them to derive the overall sequence.
D) generate a series of fragments from an overall DNA sequence that differ by the end base of each. Overlap the pieces and read off the overhangs to derive the sequence.
E) tag each of the four DNA bases with a fluorescent marker molecule and align them by the intensity of the fluorescence to derive the overall sequence.

Question 23

The following sequence is part of a genome.

C T G T G G T A A C T G A G T C A C T A G

Fragments corresponding to it that would be useful in deriving the sequence are

A) $G U C U C \quad G A U C \quad A C C A U \quad A U U G A \quad G A C U C \quad C U C A G \quad A G U G$
B) $C TGTG \quad CTAG \quad TGGTA \quad TAACT \quad CTGAG \quad GAGTC \quad TCAC$
C) $CACT \quad CTGAG \quad GAGTC \quad TCAAT \quad ATGGT \quad GATC \quad GTGTC$
D) $ACG \quad GTGAT \quad CTGTA \quad CTGTGTAC \quad GTG \quad CTGACTG$
E) $CTGATGT \quad CGTGT \quad CTGTGATGC \quad CGTGTA \quad CCCGTA$

Question 24

Genes that are highly conserved are

A) found in a wide range of species.
B) repeated many times in a genome.
C) found in humans only.
D) found in a narrow range of closely related species.
E) deleted by natural selection.

Question 25

Genome sequencing shows that humans share the greatest genomic similarities with

A) yeast.
B) a nematode worm.
C) a fruit fly.
D) a cow.
E) a chimpanzee.

Question 26

Sequencing of the first three human genomes revealed that the percent of our SNPs likely to influence our phenotypes is

A) 0.
B) <1.
C) about 2.
D) about 10.
E) >10.

Question 27

Once people began to have their genomes sequenced,it became clear that we vary more than had been thought.This is because the way that the genome was initially sequenced did not account for

A) mutations.
B) copy number variants.
C) SNPs.
D) ethnic differences.
E) people who had undergone gene therapy.

Question 28

_______ was the first organism to have its entire genome sequenced.

A)The fruit fly
B)E.coli
C)Homo sapiens
D)Haemophilus influenzae
E)Mycoplasma genitalium

Question 29

The microbiome considers

A) DNA from microorganisms in the human body.
B) human DNA in microorganisms.
C) all DNA that is too small to be seen in a light microscope.
D) genes that contribute to or control metabolism.
E) all parts of the human genome that encode protein.

Question 30

A SNP that changes the amino acid sequence of an encoded protein is termed

A) synonymous.
B) nonsynonymous.
C) transliteral.
D) mutagenic.
E) genomic.

Question 31

The ENCODE project is examining

A) the chicken genome, to learn more about dinosaurs, whose DNA was not preserved.
B) the part of the human genome sequence that does not encode protein.
C) the genes that account for our anatomy and physiology.
D) a representative 1 percent of the human genome.
E) the human exome.

Question 32

Sequencing the yeast genome received priority because

A) yeast causes infections in humans.
B) yeast is essential in baking and brewing.
C) yeast is the simplest organism to have a nucleus.
D) the number of yeast genes is a round number - 6,000.
E) two-thirds of the genome consists of genes also found in the human genome.

Question 33

A pictogram is used to

A) compare the diversity of mRNAs among individuals of the same species.
B) compare which DNA base is present at a particular position in a conserved short DNA sequence among different species.
C) compare the frequency of two-base sequences in the genomes of species thought to be closely related based on other types of evidence.
D) visualize what the chromosomes of different species look like when condensed.
E) align long sections of the genomes of different species that are the same in sequence.

Question 34

Who developed the sequencing procedure that generates a series of DNA fragments differing in length by one end base?

A) H. Winkler
B) Frederick Sanger
C) Francis Collins
D) J. Craig Venter
E) T. H. Roderick

Question 35

Research has been identifying the genes that cause inherited disease for

A) a century.
B) half a century.
C) a decade.
D) since completion of the human genome project in 2000.
E) only the past two years.

Question 36

One surprise from comparative genome projects is that

A) all species examined so far have the same genes.
B) we do not know the function of a great many genes.
C) small organisms can have large genomes.
D) large organisms can have small genomes.
E) genomes seem to be contracting over time.