Deck 19: Genetic Technologies: Amplifying, Modifying, and Monitoring DNA

Question 1

The polymerase chain reaction is used to

A) create millions of copies of an interesting piece of DNA.
B) speed the rate of DNA replication in cells.
C) make more copies of DNA polymerase.
D) copy protein into RNA.
E) make RNA in the cell nucleus.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which technique amplifies viral RNA in a patient's blood specimen?

A) antisense engineering
B) a knockout gene
C) a knockin gene
D) transcription-mediated amplification
E) traditional PCR

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A cDNA library represents

A) all the DNA that comprises a genome.
B) all the possible DNA codons used to specify amino acids.
C) all the books in a science library that mention DNA.
D) all the protein-encoding genes in a genome.
E) all the non protein-encoding DNA sequences of a genome.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The first patent on a living organism was granted in

A) 1790, when the U.S. passed patent law.
B) 1873, for Louis Pasteur's use of yeast.
C) 1900, when Mendel's laws were rediscovered.
D) 1953, when Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
E) 1978, when modern biotechnology began with recombinant insulin.

Question 5

The requirements for patenting of an invention involving DNA in the U.S.are that it

A) be new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field.
B) be obvious, but no one had previously been able to accomplish it.
C) be helpful and affordable.
D) be new, useful, and predicted by experts in the field.
E) combine DNA from different species in the same cell.

Question 6

Restriction enzymes are useful in creating recombinant DNA molecules because they

A) generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence on both strands.
B) are found only in human cells, where they naturally mend broken DNA strands.
C) are only attracted to and act on DNA sequences from different species.
D) are used to encapsulate and transport foreign DNA into cells of the target organism.
E) stimulate DNA amplification so that the desired cells or their products can be scaled up.

Question 7

A multicellular organism that carries a specific genetic change in each cell because of an intervention at the fertilized egg stage is

A) transverted.
B) translocated.
C) transgenic.
D) transformed.
E) transliterate.

Question 8

Bacteriophages can be used as vectors in recombinant DNA experiments because they

A) are small and made of double-stranded DNA.
B) are circular and easily imported into bacteria or yeast.
C) insert their genetic material into bacteria.
D) are resistant to protective restriction systems.
E) infect human and other animal cells.

Question 9

What innovation has improved on the thermal cycler in speeding PCR?

A) layered silicon
B) layered DNA
C) a new algorithm
D) using DNA polymerase from a cheetah
E) alternating DNA and RNA polymerase

Question 10

Which of the following are required for PCR?

A) knowing a protein's amino acid sequence
B) primers complementary to the entire target DNA sequence
C) the four nucleotides in the proportions of the target DNA sequence
D) Taq2 RNA polymerase
E) knowing part of the target DNA sequence that you want to amplify

Question 11

Patent law as it pertains to biotechnology has had to change in recent years in response to

A) the changeable nature of the genetic code.
B) the number of people asking for genetic tests.
C) the increasing number of human genes.
D) the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing.
E) the fact that not as many lawyers are going into patent law.

Question 12

In 1975,scientists convened in Asilomar,California and

A) determined that restriction enzymes could cut DNA.
B) created the first transgenic animals.
C) reviewed the use of drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology.
D) drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology.
E) developed PCR for amplifying DNA.

Question 13

Automated PCR machines use a heat stable

A) DNA ligase.
B) helicase.
C) primase.
D) DNA polymerase.
E) amino acid synthetase.

Question 14

A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called

A) restricted DNA.
B) recombinant DNA.
C) transgenic DNA.
D) bioengineered DNA.
E) mutant DNA.

Question 15

Proteins isolated from bacteria and used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific sequences are

A) restriction enzymes.
B) bacteriophage enzymes.
C) plasmids.
D) methylating enzymes.
E) telomerases.

Question 16

A naturally-occurring,small,circle of DNA used as a vector to transmit DNA is a

A) plasmid.
B) prion.
C) liposome.
D) lipofectin.
E) ring chromosome.

Question 17

The field of biotechnology began

A) in 2001, when the human genome was sequenced.
B) in 1961, when the genetic code was deciphered.
C) in 1953, when the structure of DNA was discovered.
D) in the early 1900s, when Mendel's laws were rediscovered.
E) with the advent of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago.

Question 18

A genomic library consists of

A) a list of human genes whose functions have been identified and that have been mapped to a chromosomal locus.
B) a list of human genes, including SNPs and mutations.
C) recombinant bacteria that collectively include several copies of a genome.
D) a facility that stores books about genetics.
E) a set of DNA probes corresponding to a genome.

Question 19

The term "patent thicket" refers to

A) genetic modification of trees.
B) the fact that many people are requesting genetic tests from their doctors as well as taking direct-to-consumer tests on the Web.
C) the backlog at the patent office.
D) the requirement for companies that offer genetic test panels to license every piece of DNA or gene that they put into kits.
E) the fact that the DNA sequence, exon pattern, SNP pattern, or gene expression pattern of a gene can be patented separately.

Question 20

Genetic modification

A) alters the genetic codes so that one species' code is like another's.
B) alters, deletes or adds sugars and phosphates in a nucleus.
C) alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell.
D) removes RNA from a cell.
E) substitutes entire nuclei to genetically engineer a cell.

Question 21

The type of RNA that carries out RNA intereference is

A) tRNA.
B) mRNA.
C) rRNA.
D) siRNA.
E) fRNA.

Question 22

A drug produced using recombinant DNA technology that is used illegally by athletes is

A) insulin.
B) streptokinase.
C) tPA.
D) EPO.
E) telomerase.

Question 23

The use of short,synthetic,double-stranded RNAs to intentionally destroy specific mRNAs is called ________ technology.

A) knockup
B) knockdown
C) PCR
D) bioremediation
E) nonsense

Question 24

The first drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was

A) insulin.
B) streptokinase.
C) tPA.
D) EPO.
E) Viagra.

Question 25

Tiny fat bubbles used to deliver genes are

A) electropores.
B) phospholipids.
C) cholesterols.
D) liposomes.
E) plasmids.

Question 26

Morpholinos are

A) short DNA sequences found only in populations that trace their roots to Italy.
B) short synthetic molecules similar to DNA that are complementary to splice site mutations.
C) used in DNA amplification.
D) types of DNA microarrays used to study gene expression.
E) a type of recombinant bacteria.

Question 27

A limitation of transgenesis is that

A) it only works on very short genes.
B) it only works on vertebrates.
C) the transgene can insert anywhere in the genome.
D) the transgene could disappear before it inserts in the genome.
E) it only works within species.

Question 28

Which approach could be used to investigate distinctions between a muscle cell and a bone cell?

A) gene expression profiling
B) DNA variation screening
C) microarray comparative genomic hybridization
D) transcription-mediated amplification
E) PCR

Question 29

Which of these would not be used to introduce DNA in animal cells?

A) liposomes
B) electroporation
C) microinjection
D) particle bombardment
E) a Ti plasmid

Question 30

A gene expression microarray has

A) an entire genome of DNA, cut into hundreds of pieces, attached to a small plastic or glass square.
B) short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.
C) several human genes sent into bacterial cells, and the cells allowed to divide.
D) short pieces of RNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.
E) amino acids attached to a small plastic or glass square.

Question 31

To create a transgenic organism,the researcher

A) introduces foreign DNA into a gamete or fertilized ovum.
B) injects a gene of interest into a somatic cell.
C) injects a gene of interest into several somatic cells.
D) introduces foreign DNA into somatic cells in culture and transplants them.
E) uses site directed mutagenesis on the adult.

Question 32

Participants in RNAi include

A) dicer, RISK, and argonaute.
B) electroporation, liposomes, and particle bombardment.
C) tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA.
D) RNA, DNA, and protein.
E) DNA polymerase, ligase, and acetylase.

Question 33

Knockout technology uses a natural process.It is

A) DNA repair.
B) DNA amplification.
C) DNA replication.
D) homologous recombination.
E) transcription.

Question 34

Transgenic pharming uses _______ to produce recombinant proteins in _______.

A) cows; milk
B) bacteriophage; bacteria
C) bacteria; culture media
D) fungi; culture media
E) viruses; cell culture

Question 35

Transgenic organisms carry the transgene in

A) every cell.
B) gametes only.
C) somatic cells only.
D) the cell in which it was originally introduced.
E) viral cultures.

Question 36

Bt toxin-producing plants are resistant to

A) fungal pathogens.
B) bacterial pathogens.
C) herbicides.
D) insect pests.
E) bacteriophage.

Question 37

Which technique uses tiny needles to deliver DNA into animal cells?

A) electrophoresis
B) microinjection
C) particle bombardment
D) electroporation
E) bacteriophage bombardment