Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Many functionalists focus their work on:

A)temperament.
B)goal-related emotions.
C)attachment.
D)cognitive appraisal.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Emotions:

A)are feelings or affect.
B)reflect behaviours that reflect the pleasantness or unpleasantness of a person's state.
C)can take a specific form such as joy, fear, and anger.
D)all of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which is not a negative emotion?

A)Anxiety
B)Guilt
C)Enthusiasm
D)Sadness

Answer 3

C

Question 4

With increasing age in infancy and early childhood,regulation of emotions shifts gradually from external sources in the world,for example,_____,to self-initiated internal resources.

A)teachers
B)parents
C)peers
D)All of these.

Question 5

Which of the following is not an example of emotional competence?

A)Awareness of one's emotional states
B)Empathic sensitivity to others
C)Lacking self-regulatory strategies that reduce the intensity or duration of emotional states
D)Discerning others' emotions

Question 6

_____ indicates that emotions are modes of adaptation to the specific context in the environment.

A)Empathy
B)Functionalism
C)Negative affectivity
D)Positive affectivity

Question 7

Emotional competence focuses on the _____ behaviour of the emotional experience.

A)shy
B)humourous
C)adaptive
D)maladaptive

Question 8

Which is not a positive emotion?

A)Enthusiasm
B)Joy
C)Anxiety
D)Love

Question 9

The opening story about Matthieu's father supports the fact that:

A)having a father care for his child should only happen in extreme emergencies when the mother is not available.
B)being in day care is better for the child than being with dad at home because the child needs to socialize with other children in order to develop properly.
C)not all situations fall into the gender role stereotyping that the mother is the first choice for staying at home with the child.
D)children raised by fathers do not thrive in most cases.

Question 10

Enthusiasm,joy,and laughter are examples of:

A)negative emotions.
B)positive emotions.
C)MAX.
D)type-B behaviour.

Question 11

In terms of emotional competence skills,an example of being able to detect others' emotions is:

A)being able to differentiate whether you feel sad or anxious.
B)being able to differentiate whether others feel sad rather than anxious.
C)reducing anger by walking away.
D)appropriately describing a social situation in one's culture.

Question 12

One implication of the _____ view is that emotion is relational rather than intra-psychic,and that there is a close link between emotion and the person's goals and effort.

A)empathy
B)functionalist
C)negative affectivity
D)positive affectivity

Question 13

The text defines _____ as feelings,or affect,that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her,especially to his or her well-being.

A)emotions
B)imprintings
C)attachments
D)synchronies

Question 14

All of the following can be classified as _____: high energy,enthusiasm,as well as being calm and quiet.

A)negative emotions
B)positive emotions
C)balanced affectivity
D)none of these.

Question 15

Biological factors are only part of the story of emotion.For example,Ryan's caregiver plays a role in his neurobiological regulation.By soothing Ryan when he cries and shows distress,the caregiver is helping Ryan:

A)know that crying will not help him get attention.
B)increase the production of the stress hormone.
C)modulate his emotions and reduce the level of stress hormones.
D)none of these.

Question 16

When his mother places him in a warm bath,Jonah feels a rush of pleasure throughout his body.His heart beats a little faster,and he waves his arms excitedly.Jonah is:

A)experiencing and showing an emotion.
B)displaying "slow-to-warm-up" behaviour.
C)exhibiting learned helplessness.
D)likely engaged in an experiment using a Strange Situation paradigm.

Question 17

Who of the following is most likely to argue that a negative emotion would be created when an infant is prevented from achieving a current goal?

A)A behaviourist
B)An ethologist
C)A Piagetian
D)A functionalist

Question 18

Which one of the following is not a sign of early emotional regulation?

A)Sucking
B)Redirecting or distracting
C)Soothing oneself
D)Responding to talk

Question 19

Primary emotions appear in humans and other animals.Which one of the following is not a primary emotion?

A)Surprise
B)Interest
C)Objective permanence
D)Sadness

Question 20

All of the following can be classified as _____: anxiety,anger,guilt,and sadness.

A)negative emotions
B)positive emotions
C)balanced affectivity
D)none of these.

Question 21

When does the child gradually develop an ability to inhibit,and minimize the intensity and duration of,emotional reactions?

A)In the second year of life
B)In the first year of life
C)Not until after 3 years of age
D)Upon entry into elementary school

Question 22

When parents change their emotional expressions in response to infants' emotional expressions,infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to their parents' emotional expressions.This process is:

A)reciprocal.
B)synchronous.
C)both reciprocal and synchronous.
D)neither reciprocal nor synchronous.

Question 23

Infants who are experiencing stranger anxiety will be more afraid of which of the following types of people?

A)Cheerful
B)Smiling
C)Unsmiling
D)Outgoing

Question 24

_____ consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.

A)Emotional regulation
B)Emotional understanding
C)Emotional codependence
D)None of these.

Question 25

The infant who is most likely to display a reflexive smile is:

A)sleeping.
B)breast feeding.
C)hearing familiar music.
D)gazing into his mother's eyes.

Question 26

Stranger anxiety,which is the fear and wariness of strangers,begins:

A)in the first half of the first year.
B)in the second half of the first year.
C)after 2 years of age.
D)upon entering kindergarten.

Question 27

_____ emerges when children perceive they have not met standards or goals.

A)Unawareness
B)Pain
C)Shame
D)Pride

Question 28

Which statement is true about developmental changes in middle to late childhood?

A)Children during this stage of development have a capacity for genuine empathy.
B)Children during this stage of development do not practice displacement of their feelings.
C)Children during this stage of development know how to adequately express their feelings.
D)Children during this stage of development do not blow up with little or no provocation.

Question 29

_____ is expressed when children feel joy as a result of the successful outcome of a particular action.It is associated with achieving a particular goal.

A)Unawareness
B)Pain
C)Shame
D)Pride

Question 30

A _____ smile does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth,usually during sleep

A)genuine
B)social
C)reflexive
D)false

Question 31

Which of the following is not a type of crying in babies?

A)Basic cry
B)Pain cry
C)Anger cry
D)Danger cry

Question 32

The most important changes in emotional development in early childhood include an increased ability to:

A)control hitting other children.
B)hide emotions.
C)talk about emotion and understand it better.
D)tell other children what they are doing wrong.

Question 33

Five-month-old Frankie smiles whenever he hears his father singing.His behaviour provides an example of _____ smiling.

A)reflexive
B)social
C)basic
D)internal-based

Question 34

Cries and smiles are two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents and they are the first forms of the baby's:

A)emotional communication.
B)internal need redemption.
C)ability to show anger.
D)all of these.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is not true about 4- and 5-year-olds with regard to understanding emotions?

A)The same event can elicit the same emotion in different people.
B)They are learning about the causes and consequences of their feelings.
C)They do not have the slightest idea of how to control and manage their emotions to meet social standards.
D)They can reflect verbally on their emotions.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about stranger anxiety is false?

A)Stranger anxiety emerges gradually.
B)Not every infant goes through this phase.
C)This phase is not normal behaviour and should be brought to the pediatrician's attention.
D)When an infant feels secure they are less likely to experience stranger anxiety.

Question 37

While watching television,you suddenly hear your infant crying in the next room.The initial cry is loud,sudden,and long.The infant then appears to hold its breath for an extended period.Your infant is most likely:

A)angry.
B)excited.
C)in pain.
D)practicing his or her crying.

Question 38

_____ require cognition,especially consciousness.

A)Primary emotions
B)Self-conscious emotions
C)Cognitive reversals
D)None of these

Question 39

In middle and late childhood emotions begin to change.Which of the following statements is true?

A)Children begin to internalize and integrate the emotions of pride and shame and take on a sense of personal responsibility.
B)Children have the ability to suppress negative emotional reactions.
C)Children have self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
D)All of these.

Question 40

Which pattern best exemplifies the "basic cry"?

A)One loud, long shriek
B)A cry, silence, a cry of slightly higher pitch, silence
C)A cry, a whimper, a cry, a whimper
D)Lots of tears and little noise

Question 41

Kagan argues that children inherit a _____ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament and such children may learn to _____ their temperament to some degree.

A)consciousness; keep
B)consciousness; modify
C)physiology; modify
D)psychology; modify

Question 42

In research on Chinese and Canadian children,it was found that children's temperaments vary depending on their culture.Which of the following statements is false about this research?

A)Behavioural inhibition is more highly valued in China than North America.
B)Chinese children are more inhibited than Canadian children.
C)Canadian mothers were very accepting of their children's inhibitions.
D)Chinese mothers were more accepting of their children's inhibitions.

Question 43

When describing her 2-year-old daughter Erin,Mrs.Hoffman uses phrases like "very active child" and "adapts well to new situations." These phrases are referring to Erin's:

A)mood.
B)temperament.
C)emotionality.
D)acculturation.

Question 44

_____ is reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

A)Social referencing
B)Familiar-setting situation
C)Functionalism
D)Stranger anxiety

Question 45

Which of the following statements is correct in terms of temperament?

A)Children who had a difficult temperament at 3 to 5 years of age were usually well-adjusted as young adults.
B)Boys with a difficult temperament in childhood are less likely as adults to continue their formal education.
C)Girls with difficult temperaments in childhood are more likely to experience marital conflict as adults.
D)Boys with a difficult temperament in childhood are less likely as adults to continue their formal education, and girls with a difficult temperament in childhood are more likely to experience marital conflict as adults.

Question 46

The social interactions of face-to-face play will include:

A)vocalizations.
B)touch.
C)gestures.
D)all of these.

Question 47

If you were in a room with ten typical infants,based on the temperament research of Chess and Thomas (1991),how many would you expect to be classified as difficult?

A)One
B)Three
C)Five
D)Seven

Question 48

According to research,a goal of parenting might be accomplished in one way with one child and in another way with another child,depending on the child's:

A)intelligence.
B)gender.
C)temperament.
D)all of these.

Question 49

_____ is an individual's behavioural style and characteristic way of emotionally responding.

A)Attachment
B)Love
C)Temperament
D)Unclassified response

Question 50

The concept of goodness of fit in parenting refers to the match between a child's _____ and the environmental demands the child must cope with:

A)temperament
B)stage of development
C)personality
D)abilities

Question 51

A child with a low activity level who is somewhat negative,shows low adaptability,and displays a low intensity of mood is a _____ child.

A)difficult
B)resistant
C)anxious
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 52

A person's behavioural style and usual way of responding is referred to as:

A)mood.
B)attachment.
C)temperament.
D)sociability.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a type of temperament described by Chess and Thomas?

A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Insecure
D)Slow-to-warm-up

Question 54

A method of helping a child cope with extreme stress includes:

A)reassurance.
B)helping them forget the event.
C)teaching denial.
D)none of these.

Question 55

What percentage of children were classified by Chess and Thomas as slow-to-warm-up?

A)10 percent
B)15 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent

Question 56

Chess and Thomas classified what percentage of children as easy?

A)10 percent
B)15 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent

Question 57

Mary Rothbart and John Bates recently concluded that there are three broad dimensions that best represent what researchers have found to characterize the structure of temperament.Which one of the statements below is incorrect according to Rothbart and Bates?

A)Extraversion/surgency includes positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking.
B)Positive affectivity includes happiness and comfort.
C)Negative affectivity includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort.
D)Effortful control (self-regulation) includes attentional focusing and shifting and low-intensity pleasure.

Question 58

From adolescence into early adulthood,most individuals:

A)show fewer emotional mood swings.
B)become more responsible.
C)engage in less risk-taking behaviour.
D)all of these.

Question 59

In terms of temperament,who would benefit from an uncrowded,less noisy environment?

A)A difficult child
B)A shy child
C)Both of these answers are correct
D)Neither of these answers is correct

Question 60

Research by Chess and Thomas has indicated that the temperaments of most children are:

A)easy.
B)difficult.
C)securely attached.
D)not able to be placed in a specific category of temperament.

Question 61

_____ is a close emotional bond between the infant and caregiver.

A)Empathy
B)Imprinting
C)Attachment
D)Synchrony

Question 62

After reading and agreeing with an article on attachment authored by Jerome Kagan,what would you be most likely to say?

A)Secure infant attachments are more important than most people think.
B)Children are much less resilient than most people think.
C)Disruption of the infant and biological mother bond leads to devastating, long-term problems.
D)Inherited ability to get along with a parent is shown by the child.

Question 63

Why was the Harlow (1958)study with the cloth and wire surrogate mothers so important?

A)It demonstrated that feeding was the primary drive of infant attachments.
B)It showed that human and monkey attachments follow very different developmental courses.
C)It showed that the type of contact infant and mother had was more critical for attachment formation than feeding.
D)It showed that there is no instinctive drive to form an attachment.

Question 64

Concerning the basis of attachments,Bowlby is to Harlow as:

A)contact comfort is to love.
B)instinct is to contact comfort.
C)love is to oral satisfaction.
D)oral satisfaction is to instinct.

Question 65

Who of the following is not included in the Strange Situation?

A)Caregiver
B)Caregiver's baby
C)Stranger
D)Stranger's baby

Question 66

Freud's ideas about attachment emphasize the fact that the infant is most likely to be more attached to the mother because she:

A)gave birth to the infant.
B)changes the infant's diaper.
C)provides food for the infant.
D)all of these.

Question 67

_____ babies,according to Ainsworth,cling to their caregiver,and then resist her by fighting against the closeness.

A)Securely attached
B)Insecure avoidant
C)Insecure resistant
D)Insecure disorganized

Question 68

Which psychosocial crisis is associated with attachment formation?

A)Trust versus mistrust
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Identity versus role confusion
D)Generativity versus stagnation

Question 69

In an attachment experiment with surrogate "mothers" (Harlow,1958),the infant monkeys showed a preference for the _____ monkey.

A)wire
B)cloth
C)wood
D)plastic

Question 70

What technique did Mary Ainsworth develop to measure the infant's attachment to the caregiver?

A)surrogate test
B)Strange Situation
C)stranger anxiety test
D)separation scenario

Question 71

What theorist argues that genetic and temperament characteristics are more important to developing a child's social competence than the attachment bond in infancy?

A)Bowlby
B)Stroufe
C)Kagan
D)Ainsworth

Question 72

In Harlow's (1958)study,what did they find was most important to infant attachment?

A)Feeding
B)Contact comfort
C)Peers
D)Presence of both mother and father

Question 73

Erikson and Bowlby would agree that:

A)human attachment occurs within the first few days after birth.
B)a toddler's insistence on using a "security blanket" is a sign of a disturbed attachment.
C)attachments are best explained by the maternal instinct.
D)familiarity with a primary caregiver is critical during the first year of life.

Question 74

The Strange Situation was designed to measure:

A)temperament.
B)attachment.
C)anxiety.
D)sociability.

Question 75

Susan and her infant son recently participated in a research study at the local college campus.Susan's simplified description of the study is "mom and baby together,baby by itself,someone else with baby,and then mom back with baby." Based on this description,you would be correct in assuming that Susan had participated in a study using a _____ paradigm.

A)habituation-dishabituation
B)Strange Situation
C)positive affectivity
D)primary appraisal

Question 76

Research on attachment shows that at about 6 to 7 months of age,the infant's attachment to the caregiver intensifies.This finding supports whose view of attachment?

A)Lorenz
B)Bowlby
C)Harlow
D)Erikson

Question 77

Who developed the Strange Situation technique?

A)Harry Harlow
B)Erik Erikson
C)Richard Lazarus
D)Mary Ainsworth

Question 78

_____ is evidenced when infants use the caregiver,usually the mother,as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

A)Insecure attachment
B)Secure attachment
C)Fearful temperament
D)Individual differences

Question 79

As a critic of the Strange Situation technique,what is the best argument against it?

A)It is too artificial and needs to be in a natural environment.
B)It is expensive to conduct.
C)It relies too heavily on personal interviews.
D)It needs to be modified to include both caregiver and infant.

Question 80

In relationship to social referencing,it is expected that a child at the age of _____ will have a tendency to "check" with the mother before acting.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4