Deck 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects

Question 1

The _____ of a line indicates the number of units variable Y changes as variable X changes by 1 unit.

A)slope
B)intercept
C)scatterplot
D)residual

Answer 1

slope

Question 2

For a perfect positive linear relationship,the z scores for the X and Y variables will tend to have _____.

A)opposite signs
B)all negative signs
C)only positive signs
D)the same positive or negative signs

Answer 2

the same positive or negative signs

Question 3

The general form of the linear model is _____.

A)Y = bX + aX
B)Y = a + bX
C)Y = b + a + X
D)Y = a + bX²

Answer 3

Y = a + bX

Question 4

The largest correlation coefficient that can be observed under any circumstance is _____.

A)100%
B) $\pm$ 1.00
C)+1.00
D)unlimited

Question 5

The sum of the cross products is a measure of _____.

A)covariation between two sets of scores
B)variability between the X mean and the Y mean
C)sum of the squares for variable y multiplied by x values
D)the determination coefficient

Question 6

The Pearson correlation technique may be used to measure ______ relationships when both variables are ______ in nature.

A)curvilinear;qualitative
B)linear;qualitative
C)linear;quantitative
D)curvilinear;quantitative

Question 7

Which of the following correlation values represents the strongest relationship?

A).20
B)60
C)-.70
D).09

Question 8

The point at which a line intersects the Y axis when X = 0 is called the _____.

A)intercept
B)slope
C)abscissa
D)a and c

Question 9

If the values of the variables X and Y are directly related,then as a score in X _____ the value of a score in Y _____.

A)increase;increases
B)increases;decreases
C)decreases;increases
D)none of these

Question 10

When there is no linear relationship,the z scores on X will ______.

A)bear no relationship to the z scores on Y
B)vary in sign but not size with the z scores on Y
C)vary in size but not sign with the z scores on Y
D)none of these

Question 11

If grade point average (GPA)and number of hours partying were related according to the following linear model: GPA= 4.00 - .40 Hours,what GPA would you predict if you partied for 8 hours?

A).80
B)2.20
C)1.00
D)3.60

Question 12

In the case of a _____ relationship,as scores on X increase,scores on Y also increase.

A)curvilinear
B)positive
C)negative
D)constant

Question 13

If the value of variables X and Y are inversely related,then as a score on X ____ the value of a score on Y ____.

A)decreases;decreases
B)increases;increases
C)increases;decreases
D)none of these

Question 14

In the case of a negative relationship,as scores on X _____,scores on Y _____.

A)increase;stay the same
B)decrease;stay the same
C)decrease;decrease
D)increase;decrease

Question 15

The Pearson correlation coefficient can range from _____.

A)0.0 to + 1.00
B)1.00 to 100.00
C)-1.00 to 1.00
D)0.0 to 8

Question 16

Research in the behavioral sciences is often concerned with _____ relationships.

A)qualified
B)unsystematic
C)linear
D)all of these

Question 17

The Pearson correlation may be used to determine the _____.

A)relationship between two variables
B)variability between x and y scores
C)curvilinear relationship between x and y
D)predictive error between two scores

Question 18

For a perfect negative linear relationship,the z scores for the Y and X variables will tend to have _____.

A)the same sign
B)all negative signs
C)opposite signs
D)an inconsistent pairing of signs

Question 19

A slope of _____ would be represented by a _____ line.

A)1.0;nonlinear
B)0;horizontal
C)-1.0;horizontal
D)1.0;horizontal

Question 20

Which of the following correlation scores represents the weakest relationship?

A).40
B).60
C)-.80
D).09

Question 21

The sum of the cross-products indicates the extent to which two sets of scores _____.

A)vary from their mean
B)vary from the grand mean
C)covary
D)depart from individual variation

Question 22

Which of the following linear relationships describes a situation in which the value of one variable decreases as the value of the second variable also decreases?

A)-.66
B).42
C)1.10
D)-1.00

Question 23

If X helps to predict Y,then the standard deviation of Y _____.

A)is larger than the standard error of estimate
B)is smaller than the standard error of estimate
C)will equal the standard error of estimate
D)will be independent of the standard error of estimate

Question 24

The standard error of estimate is a useful index of ______.

A)the (positive square root)average error across individuals
B)the slope
C)the rate of change of one variable compared to the other variable

Question 25

The technique which minimizes the squared vertical distances from the regression line to the data points is called the _____.

A)correlation line
B)method of least squares
C)slope minimization technique
D)truncation of range technique

Question 26

Refer to the following data set.
Individual X Y
1 2 4 SCP = 80
2 4 8 SS_Y = 160
3 6 1 SS_X = 40
4 8 16
5 10 20
The correlation coefficient for the above is ______.

A)r=.75
B)r=-1.00
C)1.00
D)0.00

Question 27

Which of the following linear relationships describes a situation in which the value of one variable increases as the value of the second variable decreases?

A)-.35
B).00
C).75
D)1.00

Question 28

Refer to the following data set.
Individual X Y
1 2 4 SCP = 80
2 4 8 SS_Y = 160
3 6 12 SS_X = 40
4 8 16
5 10 20
The regression equation for the prediction of Y values is _____.

A)Y=X
B)Y=.5X
C)Y=2X+2
D)Y=2X

Question 29

In the study of traditionalism and ideal family size,a correlation of .66 was found indicating a ______.

A)strong positive relationship
B)causal effect
C)weak positive relationship
D)strong causal effect

Question 30

Correlations for the types of variables studied any behavioral scientists will seldom exceed _____ and will often be considerably smaller.

A)-.80 or +.80
B)-.40 or +.40
C)-.10 or +.10
D)-.05 or +.05

Question 31

When some third variable is responsible for the correlation between X and Y,the correlation is said to be:

A)spurious
B)false
C)nonlinear
D)moderate

Question 32

In the case of a(n)_____ relationship,the standard scores on X and Y will have different signs but will be identical in size.

A)perfect negative linear
B)prefect positive linear
C)imperfect negative nonlinear
D)imperfect negative linear

Question 33

When a correlation is perfect and positive,which of the following holds true?

A)r=1.00
B)r=.00
C)r=-1.00
D)both a and b

Question 34

The extent of _____ between two variables is indexed by a statistic known as the Pearson correlation coefficient.

A)linear approximation
B)nonlinear approximation
C)linear specification
D)nonlinear specification

Question 35

The magnitude of the correlation coefficient is indexed by its:

A)sign
B)slope
C)absolute value
D)relative value

Question 36

A correlation coefficient of _____ means the two variables form a perfect linear relationship.

A)+1.00
B)-1.00
C)0
D)a and b

Question 37

Refer to the following data set.
Individual X Y
1 2 4 SCP = 80
2 4 8 SS_Y = 160
3 6 12 SS_X = 40
4 8 16
5 10 20
The standard error of estimate is _______.

A)1.00
B)0.00
C)insufficient data
D)1%

Question 38

When two variables,X and Y,are correlated,it is possible that:

A)X causes Y
B)Y causes X
C)some other variable causes both X and Y
D)all of these

Question 39

If two variables are perfectly correlated,then ____.

A)all data points fall on the regression line
B)the average error in predicting scores is very large
C)the standard error of estimate is very large
D)an increase in x leads to no change in Y

Question 40

Correlational analysis frequently demonstrates how one variable ______.

A)causes the value of the other variable
B)is caused by the value of the other variable
C)is caused by a third variable
D)may be related to another variable

Question 41

The __________ indicates the number of units variable Y changes as variable X changes by 1 unit.

A)intercept
B)correlation coefficient
C)slope
D)standard error of estimate

Question 42

A positive slope indicates _________ between two variables.

A)a direct relationship
B)an inverse relationship
C)a nonlinear relationship
D)no relationship

Question 43

The regression equation for predicting X from Y _____ as the regression equation for predicting Y from X.

A)is not the same
B)is exactly the same
C)gives the same results
D)b and c

Question 44

If two variables are related in a fashion that is nonlinear,Pearson correlation:

A)will always be negative
B)will be sensitive to this
C)will not be sensitive to this
D)will always be positive

Question 45

In least squares analysis,the slope and intercept are defined so as to minimize the _____ that the data points,considered collectively,are from the regression line.

A)vertical distances
B)horizontal distances
C)squared vertical distances
D)squared horizontal distances

Question 46

The magnitude of the correlation coefficient indicates

A)the degree of non-linear approximation between two variables.
B)the degree to which a linear relationship is approximated.
C)the slope of the regression line.
D)the intercept of the regression line.

Question 47

When scores on Y are predicted from scores on X using a regression equation,the amount of error for a given individual can be represented by the discrepancy between that person's:

A)actual and predicted Y scores
B)actual and predicted X scores
C)a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 48

When a linear relationship is negative,

A)the z scores on X will be different in size from the z scores on Y,but they will tend to be alike in sign.
B)the z scores on X will be different in size from the z scores on Y,but they will tend to be opposite in sign.
C)the z scores on X will tend to be similar to the z scores on Y,and they will tend to be alike in sign.
D)the z scores on X will tend to be similar to the z scores on Y,but they will tend to be opposite in sign.

Question 49

When one finds that there is a strong correlation between X and Y it is possible that.....

A)changes in X cause changes is Y.
B)changes in Y cause changes is X.
C)changes in X and Y are due to another variable.
D)all of these

Question 50

The number in a correlation matrix where a row intersects a column is

A)the frequency of the X variable.
B)the frequency of the Y variable.
C)a correlation coefficient.
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 51

Which of the following r values indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?

A).45
B)-.30
C).03
D)-.45

Question 52

When standard scores are used to calculate the regression equation,the intercept will always equal _____ and the slope will always equal _____.

A)1.0;the correlation coefficient
B)0;the correlation coefficient
C)1.0;0
D)0;1.0

Question 53

There seems to be a negative correlation between the number of errors made on an exam and the level of satisfaction with performance.What does this mean?

A)a high level of satisfaction with performance causes more errors on an exam
B)a low level of satisfaction with performance causes more errors on an exam
C)there is a tendency for those with a high level of satisfaction with performance to have made more errors on an exam
D)there is a tendency for those with a low level of satisfaction with performance to have made more errors on an exam

Question 54

A scatterplot primarily is intended to show

A)the relationship between X and Y scores.
B)the frequencies of X and Y scores.
C)the correlation of X scores.
D)the correlation of Y scores.

Question 55

From a conceptual perspective,the tradition is to designate the independent variable as the _____ variable and the dependent variable as the _____ variable.

A)linear;nonlinear
B)Y;X
C)standardized;unstandardized
D)X;Y

Question 56

If X helps to predict Y,then the _____ will be smaller than the _____.

A)standard deviation of Y;standard estimate of error
B)standard error of estimate;sum of squares for Y
C)standard estimate of error;standard deviation of X
D)standard error of estimate;standard deviation of Y

Question 57

The _____ represents an average error across individuals in predicting scores on Y from the regression equation.

A)standard deviation
B)standard error of estimate
C)standard estimate of error
D)standard error of discrepancy

Question 58

The criterion for deriving the values of the slope and intercept in a linear regression problem is formally known as the:

A)maximum likelihood criterion
B)oblique squares criterion
C)least squares criterion
D)sum of squares criterion

Question 59

Outliers are most likely to raise interpretational complexities when:

A)sample sizes are small
B)sample sizes are large
C)correlation coefficients are small
D)correlation coefficients are large

Question 60

An r value of .20 always indicates a small correlation between two variables in the behavioral science literature.

Question 61

An outlier may influence the _____ of a correlation coefficient.

A)magnitude
B)sign
C)both magnitude and sign

Question 62

The y-intercept tells you ______.

A)the change in Y for every 1-unit change in X
B)the change X for every 1-unit change in Y
C)the predicted value of Y when X equals zero
D)the average amount of error when predicting Y from X

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true?

A)for a given set of X and Y scores there is more than one regression line when regressing Y onto X
B)a minimum of two data points must fall directly on the regression line
C)the equation for a regression line is defined by the slope and the intercept
D)a regression line has at least two intercepts

Question 64

The magnitude of the correlation when a limited portion of the range of a variable is considered will be _____ if the range had not been so restricted.

A)greater than
B)less than
C)either greater than,equal to,or less than

Question 65

The slope of a line tells you ______.

A)the change in Y for every 1-unit change in X
B)the change X for every 1-unit change in Y
C)the predicted value of Y when X equals zero
D)the average amount of error when predicting Y from X

Question 66

If you compute a negative Pearson r between two variables (X and Y),this tells you that _____.

A)higher scores on X are associated with higher scores on Y
B)higher scores on X are associated with lower scores on Y
C)X and Y are unrelated to each other in the population
D)you have made a computational error

Question 67

Refer to the following data set.
What is the correlation between X and Y?

A).09
B).92
C).80
D)-.80

Question 68

Refer to the following data set.
What is the sum of cross-products?

A)9
B)86
C)-222
D)47.5

Question 69

Outliers are most likely to produce misleading results when:

A)sample sizes are small
B)sample sizes are large
C)correlation coefficients are small
D)correlation coefficients are large

Question 70

The purpose of a scatterplot is to

A)graph a straight line that represents a relationship
B)calculate the slop of the line
C)calculate the linear equation for the data set
D)graph the values of variables X and Y for each person

Question 71

Which type of relationship is graphed in the following scatterplot?

A)no relationship
B)positive curvilinear relationship
C)negative linear relationship
D)positive linear relationship

Question 72

Refer to the following data set.
What is the slope of the regression line?

A)14
B)1.8
C)22
D)5

Question 73

Researchers were recently surprised to learn that the correlation between the type of clothing people wear when they are not working and the type of jobs they hold is approximately zero.Based on this,we can conclude that _____.

A)people with lower status jobs tend to dress worse than people with higher status jobs
B)people with higher status jobs tend to dress better on and off the job
C)there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work settings and the type of work that people do
D)people with higher status jobs tend to dress worse when they are not at work
E)people with lower status jobs tend to wear the same clothing both on and off the job

Question 74

In a scatterplot,the X variable should be plotted on the _____,and the Y variable should be plotted on the _____.

A)ordinate;abscissa
B)abscissa;ordinate
C)y-intercept;slope
D)function;abscissa

Question 75

The _____ represents the average error across individuals in predicting scores on Y from the regression equation.

A)regression line
B)correlation coefficient
C)slope
D)standard error of estimate

Question 76

The Pearson correlation coefficient (r)provides information about the ______.

A)degree of a linear relationship between two variables
B)magnitude of the difference between two group means
C)curvilinear effects of a predictor variable on a criterion variable
D)degree of range restriction in your data

Question 77

The criterion for deriving the values of the slope and intercept in a linear regression equation is formally known as the:

A)maximum likelihood criterion
B)oblique squares criterion
C)least squares criterion
D)sum of squares criterion

Question 78

The statistical technique of _____ can be used to identify a line that will fit the data points better than any other line,as determined by the _____.

A)correlation;least squares criterion
B)regression;least squares criterion
C)correlation;standard error of the estimate
D)regression;standard error of the estimate

Question 79

Refer to the following data set.
What is the intercept of the regression line?

A)3.5
B)5.5
C).8
D)-.80

Question 80

Correlation and regression both can help researchers to

A)understand how one variable is causally related to a second
B)describe a linear relationship between two variables
C)describe data for a single variable
D)understand the distribution for scores on one variable