Deck 13: A--Social Psychology

Question 1

The term aversive racism refers to a blatant, obvious form of hostility for people of other races.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Two groups have a history of prejudice and hostility between them. The research has found that the best way to reduce this prejudice is to have members from each group talk and try to get to know each other.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Tony, a sophomore, listens to a speech favoring a tuition increase at his college for next year. Because Tony intends to return for his junior year, he is more likely to follow the central route to persuasion in listening to the speech than the peripheral route.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A group of volunteers and paid staff work for a political campaign. The candidate loses the election. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, the volunteers are more likely to be upset and feel that they have wasted their time than the paid staff.

Question 5

Hank falls to the sidewalk among many other pedestrians-he's having a heart attack! Harry falls to the sidewalk in the presence of just one other pedestrian-he's having a heart attack! Hank is more likely to receive help than Harry is.

Question 6

Couples that divorce within the first seven years of marriage actually begin their marriages with more love and affection than do couples that remain married.

Question 7

The vast majority of students at Really Big State University wear backpacks with straps over both shoulders. The vast majority of students at the University of Some Distant State wear backpacks with just a single strap over one shoulder. Students at both universities say they wear their backpacks that way because it is the most comfortable for them. The students' backpack wearing behavior at both schools reflects normative influence.

Question 8

The basic lesson from Zimbardo's simulated prison study and from Milgram's teacher-learner study is that humans are crueler than previously realized.

Question 9

The Implicit Association Test, taken by over 600,000 people, finds that even Whites who claim to have little or no prejudice, link White-pleasant and Black-unpleasant more quickly.

Question 10

Psychologists once regarded morality as a set of arbitrary, learned rules, such as learning to stop at a red light and go at a green light.

Question 11

According to research on the sleeper effect, persuasion attempts are much more likely to be successful when we hear them subconsciously, such as when we are asleep.

Question 12

To measure the maturity of someone's moral judgments, Kohlberg devised a series of moral dilemmas, which are problems that pit one moral value against another.

Question 13

Researchers have found that composite photos that produce average facial features are rated as highly attractive.

Question 14

According to the door-in-the-face technique, an effective way to get you to agree to a big request (take a group of juvenile delinquents to the zoo on Saturday) is to first ask you to do an even larger request (serve as a counselor to the delinquents for two hours, every week for the next two years).

Question 15

You are going to play a prisoner's dilemma game with the same partner every day for a week. According to the research, the choice that is most likely to lead to a big pay-off over the course of the week is for you to choose to compete as frequently as possible.

Question 16

On the average, first impressions are more influential than information learned later.

Question 17

Your professor is passing back exams, and as you are waiting to receive your exam, you notice that the student sitting next to you has a big, red "F" at the top of her exam. You think, "Wow, this must have been a really difficult exam." Your thinking illustrates the fundamental attribution error.

Question 18

Proximity refers to a feeling of warmth, affection, and closeness to another person.

Question 19

Altruistic behavior refers to helping others despite some cost or risk to others.

Question 20

Solomon Asch had participants choose which line was the same length as a comparison line in the presence of confederates who chose obviously wrong answers. Asch found about twice as much conformity when the number of confederates was large (about 10) as when it was smaller (about 5).

Question 21

Our first impression of somebody may influence the way we treat that person and they, in turn, may react in accordance with the way they are being treated. This can lead to what is termed a ____________________.

Question 22

Latané and Darley proposed that being in a crowd decreases our probability of action because of ____________________.

Question 23

A common way of measuring attitudes is to have people check points along a line ranging from 1, meaning "strongly disagree" to 7, meaning "strongly agree." This rating scale is called a ____________________ scale.

Question 24

If you base your explanation of somebody's behavior on attitudes or personality traits, this would be based on ____________________ attribution. If you base your explanation on the day's events or rewards associated with certain acts, this would be based on ____________________ attribution.

Question 25

Other things being equal, the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information does. This is known as the ____________________ effect.

Question 26

The prisoner's dilemma is an attempt to investigate ____________________ and ____________________.
or

Question 27

Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure are called ____________________.

Question 28

To measure the maturity of someone's moral judgments, Kohlberg devised a series of ____________________ which are problems that pit one moral value against another.

Question 29

In the prisoner's dilemma, the most dependable strategy is ____________________, also called "tit for tat."

Question 30

A student learns about the results of Milgram's study of obedience and says, "Those participants were so cruel! I'm not cruel, so I would never deliver shocks to another person." This student is committing the fundamental attribution error.

Question 31

Social psychologists use the term ____________________ to describe a situation in which people say nothing and each person falsely assumes that others have a better-informed opinion.

Question 32

The term ____________________ refers to an inconsistency between one's attitudes and behavior.

Question 33

The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute your own behavior mostly to ____________________ causes and the behavior of other people mostly to ____________________ causes.

Question 34

Compared to the United States, researchers typically find that conformity rates are higher in ____________________.

Question 35

If a jury convenes to decide on a verdict and sentence in a criminal trial and every juror thinks the defendant is guilty from the start of the deliberation, they are likely to decide on a harsher sentence for the defendant as a group than if they were individually asked to determine the sentence.

Question 36

People listening to a message on a topic that they consider of little importance will probably follow the ____________________ route to persuasion.

Question 37

____________________ is defined as the behavior of helping others despite some cost or risk to oneself.

Question 38

Researchers using games have found that people in every society they tested will at least occasionally pay to punish the uncooperative players, and the societies with the greatest amount of ____________________ tend also to be the ones with the greatest amount of altruistic punishment.

Question 39

A ____________________ is a generalized belief or expectation about a group of people; ____________________ is a negative attitude about a group of people.

Question 40

Social perception and ____________________ are the processes we use to learn about others and make inferences from that information.

Question 41

Regardless of whether our potential for altruistic, cooperative behavior depends on a genetic predisposition, experiences, or a combination of the two, it has to develop in some way. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning is a process that naturally matures through a series of stages. Name and describe the two stages that comprise the preconventional morality level.

Question 42

Our beliefs and expectations about groups of people can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Define these two distinct but related terms. Explain why researchers have developed measures such as the Implicit Association Test to assess stereotypes and prejudices.

Question 43

Social psychology research has revealed that other people can encourage us to do something we would not have done on our own, and they can inhibit us from doing something that we would have done on our own. One example of this is social loafing. Define social loafing and describe two examples of situations when individuals do NOT engage in social loafing.

Question 44

We want to understand why people behave as they do. One method we use is to draw inferences about their reasons. Attribution is the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others. Define internal attribution and external attribution. Describe the three types of information that Harold Kelley proposed we rely on when deciding whether to make an internal or external attribution for behavior.

Question 45

To investigate how situations evoke cooperation or competition, many researchers in psychology and economics have used the prisoner's dilemma. Define the prisoner's dilemma.

Question 46

Originally, ____________________ cultures were thought to be more prone to conformity than ____________________ cultures. Most studies have found ____________________ between Japanese and American attitudes.