Deck 8: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Freya,a 5-year-old,is having lunch.Her mother pours a tall glass of milk,but Freya objects,saying she hates milk.Her mother then pours all of the milk into a shorter,wider glass,and tells Freya that she can have this instead.This makes Freya happy because she now believes that she has less milk.Freya has not yet mastered the concept of

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)representation.
D)reversibility.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Jean Piaget,during the preoperational period,children master

A)reversibility.
B)classification.
C)representation.
D)conservation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The concept of a child's theory of mind is most closely associated with Piaget's concept of

A)conservation.
B)classification.
C)causality.
D)egocentrism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Most preschoolers fall into Jean Piaget's _____ period of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperations

Question 5

A child's ability to watch something change and then realize that the transformation could be undone is called

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)representation.
D)reversibility.

Question 6

Young Lancelot is running around the house with a pot on his head,holding a trashcan lid in one hand and a stick in the other,yelling about killing dragons.Piaget would say that he's engaged in

A)symbolic representation.
B)deferred imitation.
C)object permanence.
D)habituation.

Question 7

Young Lancelot is running around the house with a pot on his head,holding a trashcan lid in one hand and a stick in the other,yelling about killing dragons.Jean Piaget would say that he's engaged in

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)pretend play.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 8

The inability of a preoperational child to see the world from another person's perspective is called

A)centration.
B)egocentrism.
C)ego integrity.
D)centrality.

Question 9

Max is playing with his three-year-old daughter,Joyce.He puts two rows of five pennies on the table in front of each of them,and asks if they have the same number of pennies.Joyce agrees that they do.Then he spreads out the pennies in his row and asks if they still have the same number of pennies.Joyce says no,he now has more pennies.This shows that Joyce has not yet mastered

A)classification.
B)representation.
C)scaffolding.
D)conservation.

Question 10

Four-year-old Kendra has tied a cloth around her waist and is "cooking" with her toy blocks and workbench,just like her Dad does every day in the kitchen.Kendra is engaging in

A)object permanence.
B)pretend play.
C)combinational logiC.
D)a conservation task.

Question 11

During Jean Piaget's preoperational period of cognitive development,children learn to engage in

A)symbolic representation.
B)object permanence.
C)logical problem solving.
D)hypothetical reasoning.

Question 12

According to Jean Piaget,when a child pretends that a stuffed moose is a baby,he is engaging in

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)pretend play.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 13

Five-year-old Helios says that the sun is out because it knows that he likes to play in the daytime,and that it goes down at night to let him sleep.Helios is demonstrating Piaget's concept of

A)animism.
B)centration.
C)representation.
D)conservation.

Question 14

Young children demonstrate _____ when they believe that inanimate objects have the same kinds of thoughts,wishes,and feelings as people do.

A)centration
B)conservation
C)accommodation
D)animism

Question 15

Evelyn is playing with her three-year-old daughter,Joyce.She puts two rows of five pennies on the table in front of each of them and asks if they have the same number of pennies.Joyce agrees that they do.Then she spreads out the pennies in her own row,and asks if they still have the same number of pennies.Joyce frowns and says no,Evelyn now has more pennies.This shows that Joyce has not yet mastered

A)reversibility.
B)classification.
C)representation.
D)causality.

Question 16

According to Jean Piaget,which of the following should children in the preoperational period be able to understand?

A)Conservation of mass
B)Causality
C)Symbolic representation
D)Combinations and permutations

Question 17

Four-year-old Keith has tied a cloth around his waist and is "cooking" with his toy blocks and workbench,just like his Dad does every day in the kitchen.Keith is engaging in

A)object permanence.
B)deferred imitation.
C)combinational logiC.
D)a conservation task.

Question 18

Three-year-old Ceres is playing with her toy farm.She has 15 cows,3 pigs,and 2 horses.When her older brother asks whether there are more cows or more animals,she happily yells out,"more cows!" Ceres has not yet mastered the concept of

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)representation.
D)reversibility.

Question 19

Children's growing use of language in the preoperational period indicates their growing mastery of

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)representation.
D)reversibility.

Question 20

At Halloween,Gregory puts on a scary mask that makes him look like a zombie.His three-year-old brother Dennis is petrified,believing that Gregory has become a zombie.Dennis has not yet mastered the concept of

A)classification.
B)conservation.
C)representation.
D)reversibility.

Question 21

Barbara Rogoff referred to children's social interactions with adults and their observations of adult behavior as

A)scaffolding.
B)guided participation.
C)the Zone of Proximal Development.
D)inner speech.

Question 22

Anything that stands for something other than itself is a

A)classification.
B)symbol.
C)conservation task.
D)logical anomaly.

Question 23

A child that understands the difference between its own mental states and those of others has developed

A)combinatorial logic.
B)a theory of mind.
C)animistic thinking.
D)centration.

Question 24

A theory of mind seems to develop from

A)both maturation of the brain and experience with other people.
B)experience with other people.
C)maturation of the brain.
D)the unfolding of a child's genetic programming.

Question 25

Experiments have demonstrated that children as young as _____ show evidence of symbolic thinking.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 26

The scaffolding behavior described by Vygotsky

A)can only be used in teaching language.
B)can only be used in teaching mathematics.
C)can be used in teaching any subject.
D)cannot be used in teaching any scholastic subject.

Question 27

When little Gwendolyn is having trouble adding two-digit numbers,her teacher hints that maybe she needs to think about how to carry numbers.With that hint,Gwendolyn sees her error and begins to solve the problem correctly.The teacher's hint is a form of

A)the Zone of Proximal Development.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)scaffolding.
D)inner speech.

Question 28

When little Dylan is having trouble adding two-digit numbers,his teacher hints that maybe he needs to think about how to carry numbers.With that hint,Dylan sees his error and begins to solve the problem correctly.Adding two-digit numbers seems to be in Dylan's Zone of

A)Proximal Development.
B)Distal Development.
C)Cephalocaudal Development.
D)Preoperational Development.

Question 29

Which quote best exemplifies the idea of scaffolding?

A)"I think I can.I think I can."
B)"Just do it."
C)"You can do it.We can help."
D)"Not now.Not ever."

Question 30

Jean Piaget believed that children's cognitive growth develops through

A)their own actions and experiments.
B)memorizing things they learn from parents and teachers.
C)reinforcement of appropriate behaviors.
D)the unfolding of their genetic inheritance.

Question 31

In general,research shows that Jean Piaget _____ the cognitive abilities of preschoolers.

A)correctly gauged
B)overestimated
C)underestimated
D)did not actually test

Question 32

_____ viewed children's cognitive development as the result of collaboration with other,more experienced people in a particular social setting.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Judy DeLoache
C)Lev Vygotsky
D)Eleanor Maccoby

Question 33

Piaget believed that parents and teachers can,and should,

A)accelerate the cognitive development of preschoolers.
B)accelerate their development of mathematical skills,but not language.
C)accelerate overall cognitive development,but not mathematical reasoning.
D)not attempt to accelerate children's cognitive development.

Question 34

Five-year-old Danice lies and tells her mother that the dog knocked over the broken lamp so that her mother won't be angry at her.Danice is demonstrating

A)animistic thinking.
B)centration.
C)egocentrism.
D)a theory of minD.

Question 35

The set of skills and ideas that are just beyond a child's level of competence,but can be mastered if that child receives some help are known as the Zone of

A)Proximal Development.
B)Distal Development.
C)Cephalocaudal Development.
D)Preoperational Development.

Question 36

All of the following are probably explanations for why Piaget may have underestimated the cognitive development of children except

A)how you ask a question can change the answer you receive.
B)children are much more familiar with some objects than with others used in his observations.
C)the children intentionally gave him incorrect answers to his questions.
D)preschool children are more comfortable and confident talking with more familiar people.

Question 37

Benjamin shows three-year-old Candice a shoebox,and asks her what's inside."Shoes," she replies.He opens the box.It's full of cookies.Then he closes the box and tells Candice that he's going to give the box to Pandora and to ask Pandora to guess what's inside.Candice predicts that Pandora will say "cookies." Candice has not yet developed

A)combinatorial logic.
B)a theory of mind.
C)animistic thinking.
D)centration.

Question 38

The development of symbolic thinking

A)is a gradual process in childhood.
B)is a discrete process as described by Piaget.
C)is discrete with regard to mathematics,but gradual with regard to language.
D)is gradual with regard to mathematics,but discrete with regard to language.

Question 39

Lev Vygotsky believed that children's cognitive development was a product of

A)genetic predeterminism.
B)their individual explorations.
C)appropriate reinforcement and punishment.
D)learning from other,more competent people.

Question 40

Providing hints,clues,and appropriate learning opportunities for a child are forms of

A)the Zone of Proximal Development.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)scaffolding.
D)inner speech.

Question 41

Steve is driving to his doctor's office.As he drives,he tells himself such things as,"I need to turn left here," and "Now,I'm looking for a blue building on the right." Steve is engaging in

A)inner speech.
B)infant-directed speech.
C)social speech.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 42

Improvements in a child's ability to focus her attention are due to the development of the

A)amygdala and hippocampus.
B)medulla and occipital lobe.
C)parietal lobe and Broca's area.
D)prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia.

Question 43

_____ believed that children develop language in order to establish and maintain social contact.

A)Myrtle McGraw
B)Jean Piaget
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 44

Piaget viewed language acquisition as

A)the most important feature of preoperational development.
B)the result of reinforcement.
C)an attempt to maintain social contact.
D)the first step into a child's Zone of Proximal Development.

Question 45

One way to test for the size of working memory is the

A)Digit Span Task.
B)Continuous Performance Task.
C)Stroop Test.
D)Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 46

According to Barbara Rogoff (2003),children learn their society's values and practices through

A)accommodation.
B)guided participation.
C)symbolic representation.
D)centration.

Question 47

A baby points to its bottle and says,"Baaaa!" Her mother responds by saying,"Yes,that's a bottle." The two of them are engaging in

A)inner speech.
B)infant-directed speech.
C)social speech.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 48

Long-term memory

A)stores information for later retrieval.
B)encodes memory for immediate use or storage.
C)picks up information from the environment.
D)clears the memory to make room for new information.

Question 49

Ian and his mother are looking at family pictures.His mother asks him to find a picture of his cousin.Ian will most likely use a _____ strategy to find the right photograph.

A)recall
B)recognition
C)reconciliation
D)reciprocity

Question 50

Marek can remember five numbers on the digit span task.He is most likely at least _____ years old.

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7

Question 51

Information stored in long-term memory usually lasts

A)for a few minutes.
B)for a few days.
C)for a few months.
D)for a lifetime.

Question 52

Jana is 2
Years old.It's likely she'll be able to remember _____ numbers on the digit span task.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 53

Leonardo's father asks him the name of his favorite television show.Leonardo uses a _____ strategy to retrieve the information from his memory.

A)recall
B)recognition
C)reconciliation
D)reciprocity

Question 54

The first stage of processing in memory is

A)working memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 55

According to Vygotsky and Rogoff,all of the following are important to helping a person advance through their Zone of Proximal Development except

A)social speech.
B)scaffolding.
C)guided participation.
D)conservation.

Question 56

All of the following behaviors demonstrate Barbara Rogoff's concept of guided participation except

A)scaffolding.
B)participating in holiday celebrations.
C)listening to adults gossip.
D)taking apart a motor to see how it works.

Question 57

One way to measure a child's ability to focus his attention is the

A)Brown-Peterson Procedure.
B)Continuous Performance Task.
C)Stroop Test.
D)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Question 58

Working memory

A)stores information for later retrieval.
B)encodes memory for immediate use or storage.
C)picks up information from the environment.
D)clears the memory to make room for new information.

Question 59

_____ believed that children develop language by creating mental representations.

A)Myrtle McGraw
B)Jean Piaget
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 60

Sensory memory

A)stores information for later retrieval.
B)encodes memory for immediate use or storage.
C)picks up information from the environment.
D)clears the memory to make room for new information.

Question 61

Helping a child remember more about a specific incident is a form of

A)accommodation.
B)conservation.
C)preoperation.
D)scaffolding.

Question 62

Young children's memory recall becomes better and more detailed when parents adopt a highly _____ style of conversation.

A)repetitive
B)egocentric
C)inner-speech-based
D)elaborative

Question 63

The average _____ -year-old knows approximately 8,000-14,000 words.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 64

Children who are approximately _____ years old begin to construct words based on internalized rules of how language works.

A)2
-3
B)3
-4
C)4
-5
D)5

Question 65

_____ refers to the social uses and conventions of language.

A)Pragmatics
B)Semantics
C)Morphology
D)Overregulation

Question 66

Judith asks her daughter Sofia what happens at a fast food restaurant.Sofia tells her that you go in,stand on line,look at the menu,ask for what you want,pay for it,get your food,sit down,eat,clean up,and leave.Sofia has stored this information in

A)procedural memory.
B)episodic memory.
C)generic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 67

_____ happens when children mistakenly construct words based on internalized rules,such as saying "mouses" instead of "mice."

A)Pragmatics
B)Semantics
C)Morphology
D)Overregulation

Question 68

Children begin to create sentences using three words or more when they are approximately _____ years old.

A)1
-2
B)2
-3
C)3
-4
D)4

Question 69

A _____ is a mental representation of a general idea about something.

A)relation
B)morphology
C)pragmatic
D)concept

Question 70

The _____ perspective is supported by the fact that children everywhere learn the syntax appropriate to their own languages.

A)Eriksonian
B)nativist
C)behaviorist
D)Freudian

Question 71

When Ayize's grandmother gives him some candy,his father says,"Ayize,say 'thank you' to Grandma." Ayize's father is teaching him about

A)semantics.
B)pragmatics.
C)morphology.
D)syntax.

Question 72

Overregulation is

A)the fact that children are afraid to talk until they are sure of what to say.
B)the fact that some parents tend to correct children's speech too often,harming their self-esteem.
C)the cause of errors in children's word use,based on their internalized rules of speech.
D)the cause of emotional stress that traps children in the anal stage of development.

Question 73

As children acquire concepts,they become more adept at

A)syntax.
B)reversibility.
C)categorization.
D)conservation.

Question 74

When you remember what happened at your fifth birthday party,you are using

A)procedural memory.
B)episodic memory.
C)generic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 75

The basic rules concerning word order are called

A)semantics.
B)pragmatics.
C)morphology.
D)syntax.

Question 76

Children who are between 18 and 36 months old create two-word sentences that psychologists call

A)morphology.
B)word linking.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)IM texting speech.

Question 77

The average 2-year-old knows approximately _____ words.

A)50
B)100
C)200
D)400

Question 78

When children learn that "What's up?" is a greeting,not a request for a definition of the word "up," they are learning

A)semantics.
B)pragmatics.
C)morphology.
D)syntax.

Question 79

_____ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

A)Pragmatics
B)Semantics
C)Morphology
D)Overregulation

Question 80

_____ allows children to get a basic sense of a word's meaning after only a few instances.

A)Deferred imitation
B)Inner speech
C)Fast mapping
D)A theory of mind