Deck 10: Genetic Engineering: a Revolution in Molecular Biology

Question 1

The use of an organism's biochemical processes to create a product is

A)bioremediation.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The Western Blot technique detects

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Geneticists can make complimentary DNA copies of messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA by using

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the analysis of DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis?

A)Larger DNA fragments move slowly and remain closer to the wells.
B)DNA has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole.
C)DNA fragments are stained to visualize them.
D)An electric current through the gel causes DNA fragments to migrate.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 6

The primers in PCR are

A)synthetic DNA oligonucleotides.
B)bacterial enzymes.
C)short RNA strands.
D)DNA polymerases.
E)reverse transcriptases.

Question 7

A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 8

Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5'to 3'direction on one strand and the 3'to 5' direction on the other strand are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 9

Thermococcus litoralis and Thermus aquaticus are thermophilic bacteria that are

A)used as cloning vectors.
B)sources of heat stable DNA polymerases.
C)genetically engineered bacteria.
D)principal sources of restriction endonucleases.

Question 10

DNA polymerases used in PCR

A)use an RNA template to make complementary DNA.
B)must remain active at very cold temperatures.
C)include Taq polymerases and Vent polymerase.
D)are labeled with fluorescent dyes.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with the genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA technology.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 12

DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 13

EcoRI and HindIII are

A)palindromes.
B)reverse transcriptases.
C)restriction endonucleases.
D)ligases.
E)DNA polymerases.

Question 14

The fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for the presence and location of

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)proteins.
D)recombinant DNA.
E)specific genetic marker sequence on genes.

Question 15

Which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?

A)Add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72°C.
B)Cool DNA to between 50°C and 65°C.
C)Add primers.
D)Heat target DNA to 94°C.
E)Repeat the cycle of heating and cooling.

Question 16

Which PCR step synthesizes complementary DNA strands?

A)Add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72°C.
B)Cool DNA to between 50°C and 65°C.
C)Add primers.
D)Heat target DNA to 94°C.
E)Repeat the cycle of heating and cooling.

Question 17

Labeled, known, short stretches of DNA used to detect a specific sequence of nucleotides in a mixture are

A)genetic engineering.
B)biotechnology.
C)recombinant DNA.
D)gel electrophoresis.
E)gene probes.

Question 18

Gene probes can be labeled for detection with

A)enzymes.
B)fluorescent dyes.
C)radioisotopes.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 19

Amplification of DNA is accomplished by

A)polymerase chain reaction.
B)DNA sequencing.
C)gene probes.
D)Southern blot.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 20

The function of the dideoxy (dd) nucleotides that are used in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is to

A)denature DNA into single strands.
B)serve as primers.
C)be a fluorescent tag.
D)incorporate into newly replicated DNA strands and stop elongation.

Question 21

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used in all of the following fields, except

A)forensics.
B)evolutionary studies.
C)gene mapping.
D)medicine.
E)None of the choices; it is useful for all these fields.

Question 22

Both DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reactions require special __________ to initiate synthesis of a new DNA molecule.

A)RNA promoters
B)fluorescent nucleotides
C)primers
D)thermophilic polymerases
E)endonucleases

Question 23

All of the following are desirable features in a microbial cloning host, except

A)the host can be grown in large quantities.
B)the host has a slow growth rate.
C)the host is capable of accepting plasmid vectors.
D)the host will secrete a high yield of proteins from expressed foreign genes.
E)the host has a well-delineated genome.

Question 24

All of the following are correct about DNA fingerprinting, except

A)it displays the unique pattern of an individual's DNA fragments.
B)it can be used to analyze evidence when only minute amounts of DNA are found.
C)it cannot be used on specimens older than five years.
D)it is routine to use it as trial evidence in the U.S.
E)it can be used on hair and saliva.

Question 25

The enzyme___ adds nucleotides of DNA in the ___direction when DNA is being semi-conservatively replicated.

Question 26

Which of the following is a serious concern when performing PCR?

A)The high temperature needed may denature the DNA.
B)Restriction enzymes are difficult to obtain in adequate quantities.
C)Contaminating DNA may be introduced and amplified.
D)Lab personnel may be exposed to radiation.
E)PCR is a very time-consuming process.

Question 27

Recombinant strains of this organism are released to colonize plant roots to produce an insecticide to destroy invading insects.

A)Escherichia coli
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C)Thermus aquaticus
D)Pseudomonas syringae
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens

Question 28

Which of the following drugs is/are produced by genetic engineering and approved for human use?

A)Human growth hormone
B)Factor VIII
C)insulin
D)tissue plasminogen activator
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 29

Which step involves transformation?

A)Target DNA is removed from cells and isolated.
B)The cloning host takes up a plasmid.
C)Target DNA and plasmid are treated with the same restriction endonuclease.
D)The desired protein is produced by the cloning host.
E)The gene is amplified by multiplication of the cloning host.

Question 30

Which of the following is less subject to degradation than is chromosomal DNA and is used as an evolutionary time clock?

A)mitochondrial DNA
B)chloroplast DNA
C)rRNA
D)mRNA
E)tRNA

Question 31

When patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying a needed, normal human gene, the technique is called

A)cloning.
B)gene therapy.
C)antisense therapeutic.
D)DNA fingerprinting.

Question 32

Which of the following is often used in forensic science to distinguish one sequence of DNA from another by comparing the sequence of the strands at specific loci?

A)cloning
B)gene therapy
C)antisense therapeutic
D)DNA fingerprinting

Question 33

Transgenic animals

A)can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins.
B)are often obtained from germ line engineering.
C)will pass the genes on to their offspring.
D)commonly include mice.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 34

Which technique will hopefully be used to identify and devise treatments for diseases based on the genetic profile of the disease?

A)PCR
B)genetic engineering
C)antisense technology
D)microarray analysis
E)DNA sequencing

Question 35

All of the following are characteristics that make plasmids good cloning vectors, except

A)they are small.
B)they are well characterized.
C)they can be transferred into appropriate host cells.
D)they can carry genetic markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes.
E)they can accept a relatively large amount of foreign DNA.

Question 36

When DNA is heated to just below boiling (90°C-95°C),

A)the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA strands breaks.
B)the sugar, phosphate, and base come apart in each nucleotide.
C)the helix unwinds but hydrogen bonds between the bases remain intact.
D)the two DNA strands separate completely.
E)nothing happens until the boiling point is reached (100^oC).

Question 37

The Southern Blot technique enables detection of specific sequences

A)in DNA.
B)in RNA.
C)of amino acids in proteins.
D)of sugars in polysaccharides.

Question 38

Which of the following methods determines which genes are actively transcribed in a cell under a variety of conditions?

A)DNA fingerprinting
B)microarray analysis
C)gene mapping
D)Western blot
E)antisense therapy

Question 39

The commercial product Frostban contains a genetically engineered strain of

A)Escherichia coli.
B)Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C)Thermus aquaticus.
D)Pseudomonas syringae.
E)Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Question 40

In order to ensure compatibility between the target DNA and the plasmid DNA,

A)target DNA is removed from cells and isolated.
B)cloning host is treated with calcium chloride and receives plasmid.
C)target DNA and plasmid are treated with the same restriction endonuclease.
D)desired protein is produced by cloning host.
E)gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host.

Question 41

One of the first uses of DNA fingerprinting was in _________ medicine.

Question 42

Sequencing a gene automatically identifies which gene it is.

Question 43

VNTRs and microsatellite polymorphisms are genetic markers seen in DNA fingerprinting.

Question 44

Vectors often contain a gene conferring drug resistance to their cloning host, in order to detect cells harboring the plasmid.

Question 45

The two common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are _____ and _____.

Question 46

In recombinant DNA technique, an enzyme called _____ is needed to seal the sticky ends of genes into plasmids or chromosomes.

Question 47

Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

Question 48

After 3 replication cycles in PCR, there will be a total of 4 double-stranded DNA molecules.

Question 49

Some genes in bacteria are repressed by antisense RNA that binds to them.

Question 50

Transformation and transfection are methods used to introduce DNA into host cells.

Question 51

The _____ blot method analyzes DNA, while the _____ method analyzes RNA.

Question 52

Two different nucleic acids can _____ by uniting at their complementary sites.

Question 53

Restriction endonucleases recognize and clip at DNA base sequences called _____.

Question 54

Restriction endonucleases are obtained from various species of bacteria.

Question 55

Transgenic animals are _____ modified organisms.

Question 56

The size of DNA is often given in the number of _____ that it contains.

Question 57

The process of introducing a needed normal gene into human cells is called DNA mapping.

Question 58

When determining the sequence of nucleotides in an unknown sample of DNA, which method is used to sequence the DNA?

A)PCR
B)Cloning
C)The Sanger Method
D)Southern blot hybridization
E)Microarray analysis

Question 59

Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.

Question 60

An example of gene therapy is the insertion of the gene for human growth hormone into
E.coli cells.

Question 61

Which of the following provides the specificity of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system?

A)the amino acids at the amino terminus of the Cas nuclease
B)the guide RNA (crRNA) carried by the Cas nuclease
C)the amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the Cas nuclease
D)an antibody-like region of the Cas nuclease

Question 62

The human gene for a protein hormone has been isolated.Scientists want to introduce this gene into a bacterial host, modifying the bacteria so that it can be used to produce this hormone.After successfully introducing the gene on a plasmid, the bacteria produced the protein hormone, but the protein was defective, longer than normal, with intervening stretches of amino acids not found in the native protein.What is the most likely explanation?

A)The bacteria can't transcribe the human gene.
B)The gene that was introduced contained introns.
C)Bacterial cells cannot translate mRNAs transcribed from human genes.
D)Bacterial ribosomes make errors when transcribing human mRNAs.

Question 63

Describe what is meant by a DNA fingerprint and how it is used in forensic science.

Question 64

Which of the following would be of LEAST value in DNA profiling?

A)mitotyping
B)STR (short tandem repeat) analysis
C)sequencing blood group alleles
D)analysis of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)

Question 65

When trying to locate a mutation responsible for a disease, exome sequencing would provide an effective shortcut because

A)it targets just protein-encoding sequences.
B)it targets the sequencing or rRNA and tRNA encoding sequences of DNA.
C)it provides the entire genome sequence.
D)it targets the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA.

Question 66

Draw and label the specific sequence of procedures, reagents, and materials needed to obtain a human protein from
E.coli cells growing in a lab culture.

Question 67

To be of value, DNA sequences targeted for analysis for DNA profiling need to be located in coding regions of the genome.

Question 68

Which type of DNA analysis is likely to be most effective when analyzing the ancient remains of a mummified body?

A)whole genome sequencing
B)analysis of short tandem repeats
C)analysis of cDNA
D)analysis of mitochondrial DNA

Question 69

Although originally discovered in bacteria as a defense against bacteriophage infection, the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system can be used to edit the genome of any cell, whether microbial, plant, fungal, or animal.

Question 70

When DNA is heated, the two strands will separate.

Question 71

Which of the following regions of DNA would be of most value for forensic analysis?

A)DNA sequences that are typically identical for all humans
B)DNA sequences that differ among humans, with a maximum of two different alleles
C)DNA sequences that are quite variable with multiple different alleles
D)Most DNA sequences are equally valuable for forensic analysis.

Question 72

Compare and contrast recombinant DNA and gene therapy.

Question 73

The human gene for a protein hormone has been isolated.Scientists want to introduce this gene into a bacterial host, modifying the bacteria so that it can be used to produce this hormone.After successfully introducing the gene on a plasmid, the bacteria produced the protein hormone, but the protein was defective, longer than normal, with intervening stretches of amino acids not found in the native protein.Which solution would be most likely to resolve this problem?

A)Treat the defective protein with enzymes.
B)Introduce human ribosomes into the bacteria.
C)Start over, introducing a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the gene into the bacterial host.
D)Introduce human mRNAs into the bacterial host.